The research of the functional activity of the reproductive system of women in Almaty
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26577/eb-2018-2-1330Abstract
Ecology and stress are the most important causes of hormonal disorders of human. The reproductive system is the most sensitive system of the women, it can react to small changes in the external and internal environment. Nowadays, 15% of couples have infertility, the cause of which are endocrine disorders and hormonal disbalance. According to this, the research of the functional activity of the reproductive system of women is the actual problem, which needs serious approach. The mission of this work is research the concentration of gonadotropic hormones (FSH and LH) in blood of women in Almaty, comparing them with the normal, research of connecting between hormonal disorders and ecology and stress. To find the causes of hormonal disorders, we have researched the hormone cortisol – the main stress hormone, which suppresses the secretion of hormones secreted by the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, ovaries and responsible for the regulation of the female reproductive system.
The research was based on the City Human Reproduction Center. The level of LH, FSH and cortisol in the blood was studied in 130 women of reproductive age from 20 to 30 years. The concentration of hormones was determined by the method of enzyme immunoassay. The medium results of normal level are LH 4,64 ± 0,26 IU/l, FSH 7,28 ± 0,27 IU/l, LH/FSH 1,12 ± 0,04, cortisol 367,32 ± 15,006 nmol/l. Hight concentration for LH is 24,37 ± 2,54 IU/l, FSH is 31,69 ± 6,006 IU/l, LH/FSH is 2,15 ± 0,19, cortisol is 2,15 ± 0,19 nmol/l. The average results of reduced concentration are LH 0,35 ± 0,05 IU/l, FSH 1,26 ± 0,27 IU/l, LH/FSH 0,44 ± 0,02, cortisol 110,76 ± 11,07 nmol/l. The revealed deviations in the level of hormones are probably associated with a change in the level of cortisol and the negative influence of environmental factors.
Key words: reproductive system, luteinizing hormone (LH), Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), cortisol.
References
1 https://informburo.kz/novosti/zapushchen-sayt-so-svedeniyami-o-zagryaznyonnosti-ozduha-
almaty-.html
2 https://airkaz.org/graphs.php
3 http://mk-kz.kz/articles/2017/11/15/ekologicheskaya-obstanovka-v-almaty-podoshla-k-kriticheskomu-urovnyu.html
4 https://almaty.gov.kz/page.php?page_id=3454&lang=1&article_id=16298
5 Айламазян Э.К. и др. Окружающая среда и репродуктивная функция женщин // Мат. VIII Межд. симпозиума «Эколого-физиологические проблемы адаптации». – 1998. – С. 11.
6 Онищенко Г.Г. Городская среда и здоровье человека // Гигиена и санитария. – 2007. – №5. – С. 3-4.
7 Медведев А.С. и др. Организационная модель управления репродуктивным поведением супругов на этапе создания семьи в первом и повторном браке // Вестник Ивановской медицинской академии. – 1996. –№1. – С. 14-17.
8 Айламазян Э.К., Беляева Т.В. Общие и частные проблемы экологической репродуктологии // Журнал акушерства и женских болезней. – 2003. – Т. 2. – С. 4-10.
9 Вдовенко И.А. Экологические проблемы репродуктивного здоровья // Гигиена и санитария. - 2013. - №4. – С. 24-28.
10 Степанов М.Г., Арутюнян А.В., Айламазян Э.К. Экспериментальное изучение влияния экологически неблагоприятных факторов на репродуктивную функцию женского организма // Межд. мед. обзоры. – 1995. – Т 3, №2. – С. 81-83.
11 Анартаева М.У. Роль социально-гигиенических факторов, влияющих на репродуктивное здоровье женщин Южно-Казахстанской области. // Мед. Журн.Казахстана.-2004.-№1.-С.7-9
12 Аканов А.А. Оценка репродуктивного здоровья женщин в Республике Казахстан // Денсаулық сақтауды дамыту журналы. - 2008. – Т. 4, №1. – С. 63-65.
13 Karel Pacak, Miklos Palkovits. Stressor Specificity of Central Neuroendocrine Responses: Implications for Stress-Related Disorders // Endocrine Reviews. – 2001. – Vol. 4, No 22. – P. 502-548.
14 Selye H. Stress without distress. – Philadelphia, USA: Lippincott. – 1974. – P. 171.
15 Rivest S., Rivier C. The role of corticotropin-releasing factor and interleukin-1 in the regulation of neurons controlling reproductive functions // Endocr. Rev. – 1995. – Vol. 16. – P. 177-99.
16 Wirth M.M., Meier E.A., Fredrickson B.L., Schultheiss O.C. Relationship between salivary cortisol and progesterone levels in humans // Biol. Psychol. – 2006. – P. 97-102.
17 Лежнин В.Л., Коньшина Л.Г., Сергеева М.В. Оценка риска для здоровья детского населения, обусловленного загрязнением атмосферного воздуха выбросами автотранспорта, на примере г.Салехарда//Гигиена и санитария. – 2004. – №1. – С. 83-86.
18 Поборский А.Н., Юрина М.А., Лопацкая Ж.Н., Дерягина Е.Ю. Уровень тревожности и состояние вегетативной регуляции в зависимости от прогнозируемой экзаменационной оценки у студентов, проживающих в неблагоприятных условиях среды// Физиология человека. – 2009. – Т. 35, №4. – С. 28-33.
19 Chen M.D., O’Burne K.T., Chiappini S.E., Hotchkiss J., Knobil E. Hypoglycemic «stress» and gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse generator activity in the rhesus monkey: role of the ovary // Neuroendocrinology. – 1992. – Vol. 56. – P. 73-666.
20 Ariza-Traslaviña G.A., Franci C.R. The CRH-R1 receptor mediates luteinizing hormone, prolactin, corticosterone and progesterone secretion induced by restraint stress in estrogen-primed rats // Brain Research. – 2011. – Vol. 1421. – P. 11–19.
21 Cameron J.L. Stress and Reproduction // Encyclopedia of Hormones. – USA: Academic Press. – 2003. – P. 433–438.
22 Игнатьева Р.К. и др. Охрана репродуктивного здоровья женщин // Вопросы охраны материнства. – 2000. –№7. – С.61-65.
23 Ericson GF. Ovarian anatomy and physiology. Menopause. Biology and pathobiology / Ed Lobo RA, Kelsey J, Marcus R. San Diego: Academic Press. – 2000. – P. 13-32.
24 Druckmann R., Druckmann M.A. Progesterone and immunology of pregnancy // J. Steroid Biochem Mol.Biol. – 2005. – Vol. 5, No 97. – P. 389-96.
25 O’Malleu BW, Strott GA. Steroid Hormones: Metabolism and mechanism of action. Reproductive endocrinology / Ed. Yen SSC, Jaffe RB, Barbieri RL, Philadelphia, USA. – 1999. – P. 110-133.
26 Jerome F. Strauss Yen and Jaffe’s Reproductive Endocrinology: Physiology, Pathology, Pathophysiology and Clinical Management. – 6th ed. – Saunders Elsevier. – 2009. – P. 803-814.
27 Бочкарева Н.В. Вопросы гинекологии и акушерства // Вопросы гинекологии, акушерства и перинатологии. – 2003. – Т. 2, №1. – С. 57-60.
28 Татарчук Т.Ф., Булавенко О.В., Тутченко Т.М. Оптимизация методов лечения недостаточности лютеиновой фазы у женщин репродуктивного возраста на фоне гиперпролактинемии // Здоров’я жiнки. – 2008. – №2. – С. 90-96.
29 Christiansen J.J. et al. Effects of cortisol on carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism: studies of acute cortisol withdrawal in adrenocortical failure // The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. – 2007. – Vol. 92, No 9. – P. 3553–3559.
30 Chrousos G.P., D.J. Torpy, P.W. Gold interactions between the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the female reproductive system // Annals of Internal Medicine. – 1998. – Vol. 129, No. 3. – P. 229–240.
References:
1 Akanov A.A. (2008) Otsenka reproduktivnogo zdorovya zhenschin v Respublike Kazahstan [Assessment of women's reproductive health in the Republic of Kazakhstan], vol. 46, no 1, pp. 63-65.
2 Anartaeva M.U. (2004) Rol sotsialno-gigienicheskih faktorov, vliyayuschih na reproduktivnoe zdorove zhenschin Yuzhno-Kazahstanskoy oblasti [The role of socio-hygienic factors affecting the reproductive health of women in the South Kazakhstan region]. Med. Zhurn.Kazahstana, vol.1, pp. 7-9.
3 Ariza-Traslaviña G.A., Franci C.R. (2011) The CRH-R1 receptor mediates luteinizing hormone, prolactin, corticosterone and progesterone secretion induced by restraint stress in estrogen-primed rats. Brain Research, vol. 1421, pp. 11–19.
4 Aylamazyan E.K., Belyaeva T.V. (2003) Obschie i chastnyie problemyi ekologicheskoy reproduktologii [General and particular problems of ecological reproductology]. Zhurnal akusherstva i zhenskih bolezney, vol.2, pp.4-10.
5 Bochkareva N.V.(2003) Voprosyi ginekologii i akusherstva [Questions of gynecology and obstetrics]. Voprosyi ginekologii, akusherstva i perinatologii, vol. 2, no 1, pp. 57-60.
6 Cameron J.L. (2003) Stress and Reproduction. Encyclopedia of Hormones, pp. 433–438.
7 Chen M.D., O’Burne K.T., Chiappini S.E., Hotchkiss J., Knobil E. (1992) Hypoglycemic «stress» and gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse generator activity in the rhesus monkey: role of the ovary. Neuroendocrinology, vol. 56, pp. 77-666.
8 Christiansen J.J. et al. (2007) Effects of cortisol on carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism: studies of acute cortisol withdrawal in adrenocortical failure. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 92, no 9, pp. 3553–3559.
9 Chrousos G.P., D.J. Torpy, P.W. (1998) Gold interactions between the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the female reproductive system. Annals of Internal Medicine, vol. 129, no. 3, pp. 229–240.
10 Druckmann R., Druckmann M.A. (2005) Progesterone and immunology of pregnancy. J. Steroid Biochem Mol.Biol, vol. 5, no 97, pp. 389-96.
11 Eilamazyan E.K (1998) Okruzhayuschaya sreda i reproduktivnaya funktsiya zhenschin [Environment and reproductive function of women]. Mezhd. simpoziuma «Ekologo-fiziologicheskie problemyi adaptatsii», pp. 11.
12 Ericson GF. (2000) Ovarian anatomy and physiology. Menopause. Biology and pathobiology. Academic Press, pp. 13-32.
13 http://mk-kz.kz/articles/2017/11/15/ekologicheskaya-obstanovka-v-almaty-podoshla-k-kriticheskomu-urovnyu.html
14 https://airkaz.org/graphs.php
15 https://almaty.gov.kz/page.php?page_id=3454&lang=1&article_id=16298
16 https://informburo.kz/novosti/zapushchen-sayt-so-svedeniyami-o-zagryaznyonnosti-vozduha-almaty-.html
17 Ignateva R.K. (2000) Ohrana reproduktivnogo zdorovya zhenschin [Reproductive health of women]. Voprosyi ohranyi materinstva, vol. 7, pp. 61-65.
18 Jerome F. Strauss (2009) Yen and Jaffe’s Reproductive Endocrinology: Physiology, Pathology, Pathophysiology and Clinical Management. Saunders Elsevier, vol. 6, pp. 803-814.
19 Karel Pacak, Miklos Palkovits. Stressor Specificity of Central Neuroendocrine Responses: Implications for Stress-Related Disorders. Endocrine Reviews, vol.4, no 22, pp. 502-548.
20 Lezhnin V.L., Konshina L.G., Sergeeva M.V. (2004) Otsenka riska dlya zdorovya detskogo naseleniya, obuslovlennogo zagryazneniem atmosfernogo vozduha vyibrosami avtotransporta, na primere g.Saleharda [Assessment of the risk to the health of the child population caused by air pollution by vehicle emissions, using the example of Salekhard]. Gigiena i sanitariya, no 1, pp. 83-86.
21 Medvedev A.S. (1996) Organizatsionnaya model upravleniya reproduktivnyim povedeniem suprugov na etape sozdaniya semi v pervom i povtornom brake [The Organizational model of management of reproductive behavior of spouses at a stage of creation of a family in the first and repeated marriage]. Vestnik Ivanovskii Med. Academii, no 1, pp. 14-17.
22 O’Malleu BW, Strott GA. (1999) Steroid Hormones: Metabolism and mechanism of action. Reproductive endocrinology. Ed Yen SSC, Jaffe RB, Barbieri RL, Philadelphia, USA, pp. 110-133.
23 Onischenko G.G. (2007) Gorodskaya sreda i zdorove cheloveka [Urban environment and human health]. Gigiena i sanitariya, vol. 5, pp. 3-4.
24 Poborskiy A. N., Yurina M. A., Lopatskaya Zh. N., Deryagina E. Yu. (2009) Uroven trevozhnosti i sostoyanie vegetativnoy regulyatsii v zavisimosti ot prognoziruemoy ekzamenatsionnoy otsenki u studentov, prozhivayuschih v neblagopriyatnyih usloviyah sredyi [Level of anxiety and the state of autonomic regulation depending on the predicted examination score in students living in unfavorable environmental conditions]. Fiziologiya cheloveka, vol. 35, no 4, pp. 28-33.
25 Rivest S., Rivier C. (1995) The role of corticotropin-releasing factor and interleukin-1 in the regulation of neurons controlling reproductive functions. Endocr. Rev., no 16, pp. 99-177.
26 Selye H. (1974) Stress without distress. Philadelphia, USA: Lippincott, pp. 171.
27 Stepanov M.G., Arutyunyan A.V., Aylamazyan E.K. (1995) Eksperimentalnoe izuchenie vliyaniya ekologicheski neblagopriyatnyih faktorov na reproduktivnuyu funktsiyu zhenskogo organizma [Experimental study of the influence of environmentally unfavorable factors on the reproductive function of the female body]. Mezhd. med. obzoryi, vol. 3, no 2, pp.81-83.
28 Tatarchuk T.F., Bulavenko O.V., Tutchenko T.M. (2008) Optimizatsiya metodov lecheniya nedostatochnosti lyuteinovoy fazyi u zhenschin reproduktivnogo vozrasta na fone giperprolaktinemii [Optimization of treatment methods for luteal phase failure in women of reproductive age against hyperprolactinemia]. Zdorov’ya zhinki, no. 2, pp. 90-96.
29 Vdovenko I.A. (2013) Ekologicheskie problemyi reproduktivnogo zdorovya [Ecological problems of reproductive health]. Gigiena i sanitariya, no 4, pp. 24-28.
30 Wirth M.M., Meier E.A., Fredrickson B.L., Schultheiss O.C. (2006) Relationship between salivary cortisol and progesterone levels in humans. Biol. Psychol., pp. 97-102.
almaty-.html
2 https://airkaz.org/graphs.php
3 http://mk-kz.kz/articles/2017/11/15/ekologicheskaya-obstanovka-v-almaty-podoshla-k-kriticheskomu-urovnyu.html
4 https://almaty.gov.kz/page.php?page_id=3454&lang=1&article_id=16298
5 Айламазян Э.К. и др. Окружающая среда и репродуктивная функция женщин // Мат. VIII Межд. симпозиума «Эколого-физиологические проблемы адаптации». – 1998. – С. 11.
6 Онищенко Г.Г. Городская среда и здоровье человека // Гигиена и санитария. – 2007. – №5. – С. 3-4.
7 Медведев А.С. и др. Организационная модель управления репродуктивным поведением супругов на этапе создания семьи в первом и повторном браке // Вестник Ивановской медицинской академии. – 1996. –№1. – С. 14-17.
8 Айламазян Э.К., Беляева Т.В. Общие и частные проблемы экологической репродуктологии // Журнал акушерства и женских болезней. – 2003. – Т. 2. – С. 4-10.
9 Вдовенко И.А. Экологические проблемы репродуктивного здоровья // Гигиена и санитария. - 2013. - №4. – С. 24-28.
10 Степанов М.Г., Арутюнян А.В., Айламазян Э.К. Экспериментальное изучение влияния экологически неблагоприятных факторов на репродуктивную функцию женского организма // Межд. мед. обзоры. – 1995. – Т 3, №2. – С. 81-83.
11 Анартаева М.У. Роль социально-гигиенических факторов, влияющих на репродуктивное здоровье женщин Южно-Казахстанской области. // Мед. Журн.Казахстана.-2004.-№1.-С.7-9
12 Аканов А.А. Оценка репродуктивного здоровья женщин в Республике Казахстан // Денсаулық сақтауды дамыту журналы. - 2008. – Т. 4, №1. – С. 63-65.
13 Karel Pacak, Miklos Palkovits. Stressor Specificity of Central Neuroendocrine Responses: Implications for Stress-Related Disorders // Endocrine Reviews. – 2001. – Vol. 4, No 22. – P. 502-548.
14 Selye H. Stress without distress. – Philadelphia, USA: Lippincott. – 1974. – P. 171.
15 Rivest S., Rivier C. The role of corticotropin-releasing factor and interleukin-1 in the regulation of neurons controlling reproductive functions // Endocr. Rev. – 1995. – Vol. 16. – P. 177-99.
16 Wirth M.M., Meier E.A., Fredrickson B.L., Schultheiss O.C. Relationship between salivary cortisol and progesterone levels in humans // Biol. Psychol. – 2006. – P. 97-102.
17 Лежнин В.Л., Коньшина Л.Г., Сергеева М.В. Оценка риска для здоровья детского населения, обусловленного загрязнением атмосферного воздуха выбросами автотранспорта, на примере г.Салехарда//Гигиена и санитария. – 2004. – №1. – С. 83-86.
18 Поборский А.Н., Юрина М.А., Лопацкая Ж.Н., Дерягина Е.Ю. Уровень тревожности и состояние вегетативной регуляции в зависимости от прогнозируемой экзаменационной оценки у студентов, проживающих в неблагоприятных условиях среды// Физиология человека. – 2009. – Т. 35, №4. – С. 28-33.
19 Chen M.D., O’Burne K.T., Chiappini S.E., Hotchkiss J., Knobil E. Hypoglycemic «stress» and gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse generator activity in the rhesus monkey: role of the ovary // Neuroendocrinology. – 1992. – Vol. 56. – P. 73-666.
20 Ariza-Traslaviña G.A., Franci C.R. The CRH-R1 receptor mediates luteinizing hormone, prolactin, corticosterone and progesterone secretion induced by restraint stress in estrogen-primed rats // Brain Research. – 2011. – Vol. 1421. – P. 11–19.
21 Cameron J.L. Stress and Reproduction // Encyclopedia of Hormones. – USA: Academic Press. – 2003. – P. 433–438.
22 Игнатьева Р.К. и др. Охрана репродуктивного здоровья женщин // Вопросы охраны материнства. – 2000. –№7. – С.61-65.
23 Ericson GF. Ovarian anatomy and physiology. Menopause. Biology and pathobiology / Ed Lobo RA, Kelsey J, Marcus R. San Diego: Academic Press. – 2000. – P. 13-32.
24 Druckmann R., Druckmann M.A. Progesterone and immunology of pregnancy // J. Steroid Biochem Mol.Biol. – 2005. – Vol. 5, No 97. – P. 389-96.
25 O’Malleu BW, Strott GA. Steroid Hormones: Metabolism and mechanism of action. Reproductive endocrinology / Ed. Yen SSC, Jaffe RB, Barbieri RL, Philadelphia, USA. – 1999. – P. 110-133.
26 Jerome F. Strauss Yen and Jaffe’s Reproductive Endocrinology: Physiology, Pathology, Pathophysiology and Clinical Management. – 6th ed. – Saunders Elsevier. – 2009. – P. 803-814.
27 Бочкарева Н.В. Вопросы гинекологии и акушерства // Вопросы гинекологии, акушерства и перинатологии. – 2003. – Т. 2, №1. – С. 57-60.
28 Татарчук Т.Ф., Булавенко О.В., Тутченко Т.М. Оптимизация методов лечения недостаточности лютеиновой фазы у женщин репродуктивного возраста на фоне гиперпролактинемии // Здоров’я жiнки. – 2008. – №2. – С. 90-96.
29 Christiansen J.J. et al. Effects of cortisol on carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism: studies of acute cortisol withdrawal in adrenocortical failure // The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. – 2007. – Vol. 92, No 9. – P. 3553–3559.
30 Chrousos G.P., D.J. Torpy, P.W. Gold interactions between the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the female reproductive system // Annals of Internal Medicine. – 1998. – Vol. 129, No. 3. – P. 229–240.
References:
1 Akanov A.A. (2008) Otsenka reproduktivnogo zdorovya zhenschin v Respublike Kazahstan [Assessment of women's reproductive health in the Republic of Kazakhstan], vol. 46, no 1, pp. 63-65.
2 Anartaeva M.U. (2004) Rol sotsialno-gigienicheskih faktorov, vliyayuschih na reproduktivnoe zdorove zhenschin Yuzhno-Kazahstanskoy oblasti [The role of socio-hygienic factors affecting the reproductive health of women in the South Kazakhstan region]. Med. Zhurn.Kazahstana, vol.1, pp. 7-9.
3 Ariza-Traslaviña G.A., Franci C.R. (2011) The CRH-R1 receptor mediates luteinizing hormone, prolactin, corticosterone and progesterone secretion induced by restraint stress in estrogen-primed rats. Brain Research, vol. 1421, pp. 11–19.
4 Aylamazyan E.K., Belyaeva T.V. (2003) Obschie i chastnyie problemyi ekologicheskoy reproduktologii [General and particular problems of ecological reproductology]. Zhurnal akusherstva i zhenskih bolezney, vol.2, pp.4-10.
5 Bochkareva N.V.(2003) Voprosyi ginekologii i akusherstva [Questions of gynecology and obstetrics]. Voprosyi ginekologii, akusherstva i perinatologii, vol. 2, no 1, pp. 57-60.
6 Cameron J.L. (2003) Stress and Reproduction. Encyclopedia of Hormones, pp. 433–438.
7 Chen M.D., O’Burne K.T., Chiappini S.E., Hotchkiss J., Knobil E. (1992) Hypoglycemic «stress» and gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse generator activity in the rhesus monkey: role of the ovary. Neuroendocrinology, vol. 56, pp. 77-666.
8 Christiansen J.J. et al. (2007) Effects of cortisol on carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism: studies of acute cortisol withdrawal in adrenocortical failure. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 92, no 9, pp. 3553–3559.
9 Chrousos G.P., D.J. Torpy, P.W. (1998) Gold interactions between the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the female reproductive system. Annals of Internal Medicine, vol. 129, no. 3, pp. 229–240.
10 Druckmann R., Druckmann M.A. (2005) Progesterone and immunology of pregnancy. J. Steroid Biochem Mol.Biol, vol. 5, no 97, pp. 389-96.
11 Eilamazyan E.K (1998) Okruzhayuschaya sreda i reproduktivnaya funktsiya zhenschin [Environment and reproductive function of women]. Mezhd. simpoziuma «Ekologo-fiziologicheskie problemyi adaptatsii», pp. 11.
12 Ericson GF. (2000) Ovarian anatomy and physiology. Menopause. Biology and pathobiology. Academic Press, pp. 13-32.
13 http://mk-kz.kz/articles/2017/11/15/ekologicheskaya-obstanovka-v-almaty-podoshla-k-kriticheskomu-urovnyu.html
14 https://airkaz.org/graphs.php
15 https://almaty.gov.kz/page.php?page_id=3454&lang=1&article_id=16298
16 https://informburo.kz/novosti/zapushchen-sayt-so-svedeniyami-o-zagryaznyonnosti-vozduha-almaty-.html
17 Ignateva R.K. (2000) Ohrana reproduktivnogo zdorovya zhenschin [Reproductive health of women]. Voprosyi ohranyi materinstva, vol. 7, pp. 61-65.
18 Jerome F. Strauss (2009) Yen and Jaffe’s Reproductive Endocrinology: Physiology, Pathology, Pathophysiology and Clinical Management. Saunders Elsevier, vol. 6, pp. 803-814.
19 Karel Pacak, Miklos Palkovits. Stressor Specificity of Central Neuroendocrine Responses: Implications for Stress-Related Disorders. Endocrine Reviews, vol.4, no 22, pp. 502-548.
20 Lezhnin V.L., Konshina L.G., Sergeeva M.V. (2004) Otsenka riska dlya zdorovya detskogo naseleniya, obuslovlennogo zagryazneniem atmosfernogo vozduha vyibrosami avtotransporta, na primere g.Saleharda [Assessment of the risk to the health of the child population caused by air pollution by vehicle emissions, using the example of Salekhard]. Gigiena i sanitariya, no 1, pp. 83-86.
21 Medvedev A.S. (1996) Organizatsionnaya model upravleniya reproduktivnyim povedeniem suprugov na etape sozdaniya semi v pervom i povtornom brake [The Organizational model of management of reproductive behavior of spouses at a stage of creation of a family in the first and repeated marriage]. Vestnik Ivanovskii Med. Academii, no 1, pp. 14-17.
22 O’Malleu BW, Strott GA. (1999) Steroid Hormones: Metabolism and mechanism of action. Reproductive endocrinology. Ed Yen SSC, Jaffe RB, Barbieri RL, Philadelphia, USA, pp. 110-133.
23 Onischenko G.G. (2007) Gorodskaya sreda i zdorove cheloveka [Urban environment and human health]. Gigiena i sanitariya, vol. 5, pp. 3-4.
24 Poborskiy A. N., Yurina M. A., Lopatskaya Zh. N., Deryagina E. Yu. (2009) Uroven trevozhnosti i sostoyanie vegetativnoy regulyatsii v zavisimosti ot prognoziruemoy ekzamenatsionnoy otsenki u studentov, prozhivayuschih v neblagopriyatnyih usloviyah sredyi [Level of anxiety and the state of autonomic regulation depending on the predicted examination score in students living in unfavorable environmental conditions]. Fiziologiya cheloveka, vol. 35, no 4, pp. 28-33.
25 Rivest S., Rivier C. (1995) The role of corticotropin-releasing factor and interleukin-1 in the regulation of neurons controlling reproductive functions. Endocr. Rev., no 16, pp. 99-177.
26 Selye H. (1974) Stress without distress. Philadelphia, USA: Lippincott, pp. 171.
27 Stepanov M.G., Arutyunyan A.V., Aylamazyan E.K. (1995) Eksperimentalnoe izuchenie vliyaniya ekologicheski neblagopriyatnyih faktorov na reproduktivnuyu funktsiyu zhenskogo organizma [Experimental study of the influence of environmentally unfavorable factors on the reproductive function of the female body]. Mezhd. med. obzoryi, vol. 3, no 2, pp.81-83.
28 Tatarchuk T.F., Bulavenko O.V., Tutchenko T.M. (2008) Optimizatsiya metodov lecheniya nedostatochnosti lyuteinovoy fazyi u zhenschin reproduktivnogo vozrasta na fone giperprolaktinemii [Optimization of treatment methods for luteal phase failure in women of reproductive age against hyperprolactinemia]. Zdorov’ya zhinki, no. 2, pp. 90-96.
29 Vdovenko I.A. (2013) Ekologicheskie problemyi reproduktivnogo zdorovya [Ecological problems of reproductive health]. Gigiena i sanitariya, no 4, pp. 24-28.
30 Wirth M.M., Meier E.A., Fredrickson B.L., Schultheiss O.C. (2006) Relationship between salivary cortisol and progesterone levels in humans. Biol. Psychol., pp. 97-102.
Downloads
How to Cite
Kysseleva, O. A., Sultanova, G. B., & Srayilova, G. T. (2018). The research of the functional activity of the reproductive system of women in Almaty. Experimental Biology, 75(2), 102–110. https://doi.org/10.26577/eb-2018-2-1330
Issue
Section
HUMAN AND ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY
