Statins: the potential in treating alzheimer’s disease
218 50
Keywords:
amyloid, statins, cholesterol, hematoencephalic barrier,Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a widespread chronic neurodegenerative disease which affects people of 65 and older. Currently, there are no known effective methods of treatment of AD. However, the epidemiological data suggests that prolonged use of cholesterol lowering drugs such as statins decreases the risk of AD development. In this literature review we propose several basic mechanisms which can be involved in prevention of AD development by statins. These mechanisms include control of cholesterol synthesis, regulation of enzymes, which participate in β-amyloid synthesis, and suppression of inflammation in brain blood vessels. Nevertheless, the therapeutic effect of statins on AD and their use for AD prevention is still an open question and needs further investigation.References
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2 Ward A., Tardiff S., Dye C., Arrighi H.M. Rate of conversion from prodromal Alzheimer’s disease to Alzheimer’s dementia: a systematic review of the literature // Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra. – 2013. – Vol. 3, № 1. – P. 320-332.
3 Tillement J.P., Papadopoulos V. Subcellular Injuries in Alzheimer’s Disease // CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. –2013.
4 Walsh D.M., Selkoe D.J. Aβ Oligomers – a decade of discovery // Journal of Neurochemistry. – 2007. – Vol. 101. – № 5. – P. 1172-1184.
5 Dahlgren K.N., Manelli A.M., Stine W.B., Baker L.K., Krafft G.A., LaDu M.J. Oligomeric and Fibrillar Species of AmyloidÎ ² Peptides Differentially Affect Neuronal Viability // Journal of Biological Chemistry. – 2002. – Vol. 277, № 35. – P. 32046- 32053.
6 Nistor M., Don M., Parekh M., Sarsoza F., Goodus M., Lopez G.E., Kawas C., Leverenz J., Doran E., Lott I.T., Hill M., Head E. Alpha- and beta-secretase activity as a function of age and beta-amyloid in Down syndrome and normal brain // Neurobiol Aging. – 2007. – Vol. 28, № 10. – P. 1493-1506.
7 Hardy J., Selkoe D.J. The Amyloid Hypothesis of Alzheimer’s Disease: Progress and Problems on the Road to Therapeutics // Science. –2002. –Vol. 297, № 5580. – P. 353-356.
8 Zheng W.H., Bastianetto S., Mennicken F., Ma W., Kar S. Amyloid beta peptide induces tau phosphorylation and loss of cholinergic neurons in rat primary septal cultures // Neuroscience. – 2002. – Vol. 115, № 1. – P. 201-211.
9 LaFerla F.M., Green K.N., Oddo S. Intracellular amyloid-beta in Alzheimer’s disease // Nat Rev Neurosci. – 2007. – Vol. 8, № 7. – P. 499-509.
10 Westmark C.J. What’s hAPPening at synapses? The role of amyloid beta-protein precursor and beta-amyloid in neurological disorders // Mol Psychiatry. – 2012.
11 Priller C., Bauer T., Mitteregger G., Krebs B., Kretzschmar H.A., Herms J. Synapse formation and function is modulated by the amyloid precursor protein // J Neurosci. – 2006. – Vol. 26. – № 27. – P. 7212-7221.
12 William C.M., Andermann M.L., Goldey G.J., Roumis D.K., Reid R.C., Shatz C.J., Albers M.W., Frosch M.P., Hyman B.T. Synaptic plasticity defect following visual deprivation in Alzheimer’s disease model transgenic mice // J Neurosci. – 2012. – Vol. 32, № 23. – P. 8004-8011.
13 Cole S.L., Vassar R. The Alzheimer’s disease beta-secretase enzyme, BACE1 // Molecular neurodegeneration. – 2007. – Vol. 2. – P. 22.
14 Head E., Lott I.T. Down syndrome and beta-amyloid deposition // Curr Opin Neurol. – 2004. – Vol. 17. – № 2. – P. 95-100.
15 Igbavboa U., Sun G.Y., Weisman G.A., He Y., Wood W.G. Amyloid beta-protein stimulates trafficking of cholesterol and caveolin-1 from the plasma membrane to the Golgi complex in mouse primary astrocytes // Neuroscience. – 2009. – Vol. 162. – № 2. – P. 328-338.
16 Soscia S.J., Kirby J.E., Washicosky K.J., Tucker S.M., Ingelsson M., Hyman B., Burton M.A., Goldstein L.E., Duong S., Tanzi R.E., Moir R.D. The Alzheimer’s disease-associated amyloid beta-protein is an antimicrobial peptide // PLoS One. – 2010. – Vol. 5, № 3. – P. 9505.
17 Mattson M.P., Cheng B., Davis D., Bryant K., Lieberburg I., Rydel R.E. beta-Amyloid peptides destabilize calcium homeostasis and render human cortical neurons vulnerable to excitotoxicity // J Neurosci. – 1992. – Vol. 12. – № 2. – P. 376-389.
18 Rogers J., Cooper N.R., Webster S., Schultz J., McGeer P.L., Styren S.D., Civin W.H., Brachova L., Bradt B., Ward P., et al. Complement activation by beta-amyloid in Alzheimer disease // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. – 1992. – Vol. 89, № 21. – P. 10016-10020.
19 Arispe N., Rojas E., Pollard H.B. Alzheimer disease amyloid beta protein forms calcium channels in bilayer membranes: blockade by tromethamine and aluminum // Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. – 1993. – Vol. 90. – № 2. – P. 567-571.
20 Behl C., Davis J.B., Lesley R., Schubert D. Hydrogen peroxide mediates amyloid beta protein toxicity // Cell. – 1994. – Vol. 77. – № 6. – P. 817-827.
21 Yang X., Askarova S., Sheng W., Chen J.K., Sun A.Y., Sun G.Y., Yao
G., Lee J.C. Low energy laser light (632.8 nm) suppresses amyloid-beta peptide-induced oxidative and inflammatory responses in astrocytes // Neuroscience. –2010. –Vol. 171, № 3. – P. 859-868.
22 Gitter B.D., Cox L.M., Rydel R.E., May P.C. Amyloid beta peptide potentiates cytokine secretion by interleukin-1 beta-activated human astrocytoma cells // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. –1995. –Vol. 92, № 23. – P. 10738-10741.
23 Busciglio J., Lorenzo A., Yeh J., Yankner B.A. beta-amyloid fibrils induce tau phosphorylation and loss of microtubule binding // Neuron. –1995. –Vol. 14, № 4. – P. 879-888.
24 Yan S.D., Chen X., Fu J., Chen M., Zhu H., Roher A., Slattery T., Zhao L., Nagashima M., Morser J., Migheli A., Nawroth P., Stern D., Schmidt A.M. RAGE and amyloid-beta peptide neurotoxicity in Alzheimer’s disease // Nature. –1996. –Vol. 382, № 6593. – P. 685-691.
25 Askarova S., Yang X., Sheng W., Sun G.Y., Lee J.C. Role of Abeta-receptor for advanced glycation endproducts interaction in oxidative stress and cytosolic phospholipase A(2) activation in astrocytes and cerebral endothelial cells // Neuroscience. –2011. –Vol. 199. – P. 375 385.
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Askarova, S., Adambekov, S., Tsoy, A., Isayeva, R. B., & Shalakhmetova, T. M. (2015). Statins: the potential in treating alzheimer’s disease. Experimental Biology, 61(2), 135–143. Retrieved from https://bb.kaznu.kz/index.php/biology/article/view/192
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HUMAN and ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY, BIOPHYSICS
