Genetic profile, metabolic syndrome and breast cancer risk in Kazakhstani women
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26577/eb-2018-1-1317Abstract
The work is devoted to the study of the relationship of breast cancer with the metabolic syndrome and genes involved in the metabolism of lipids. In the framework of this study, we recruited 136 participants diagnosed with breast cancer and 83 conditionally healthy participants in the control group. Among the diseases associated with breast cancer, hypertension, chronic bronchitis, ischemic heart disease, uterine myoma, cholecystitis, varicose veins of the lower extremities, pancreatitis are prevalent. The incidence of type 2 diabetes was 13.2%. Biochemical analysis on 18 metabolic parameters showed that in the group of patients compared with the control group, the level of homocysteine and vitamin B12 is much higher than normal. Data analysis showed a high correlation between homocysteine levels and the risk of developing breast cancer (OR = 15.29, CI = 5.67-41.28, p <0.001) in the study group. In the study of the association of polymorphisms of the investigated genes with the risk of developing breast cancer among women in Kazakhstan, the contribution of the association of polymorphisms of the studied genes with the risk of developing breast cancer among women in Kazakhstan revealed a protective effect in the genes FTO, PRKAA2 and STK11. In the case of the CRTC2 gene, an association with the risk of developing breast cancer was identified in an over-dominant model (OR = 1.95, CI = 1.1-3.46, p = 0.021). When studying the relationship between the genetic profile and metabolic parameters, it was found that the genotype of the C/C (wild) gene PRKAA2 can affect the increase in cholesterol at normal vitamin B12 values (OR = 3.43, CI = 1.25-9.39: p <0.015) and the T / C genotype affect the increase in cholesterol at elevated vitamin B12 values (OR = 3.23, CI = 1.1-9.52: p <0.035). From the analysis it follows that the level of homocysteine can be used as a biomarker, which is part of the complex of diagnostic measures for breast cancer. In addition, the genotypes of the C / C and T / C of the PRKAA2 gene can be used as markers of cholesterol and vitamin B12 levels in the body. To study the association of other genes with biochemical indicators and the risk of developing breast cancer, an increase in the sample is necessary.
Key words: breast cancer, metabolic syndrome, genetic profile.
References
1 Ferlay J., Soerjomataram I., Dikshit R., Eser S., Mathers C., Rebelo M., Parkin D.M., Forman D., Bray F. Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012 // Int J Cancer. – 2015. – Vol. 136, No. 5, - P. e359-86. doi: 10.1002/ijc.29210.
2 Howlader N. National Cancer Institute. Breast Cancer Risk Factors. http://www.cancer.gov/ cancertopics/wyntk/breast/page4.
3 Grundy S.M., Brewer H.B. Jr., Cleeman J.I., Smith S.C. Jr, Lenfant C. Definition of metabolic syndrome: report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to definition // Circulation. – 2004. – Vol. 109, No. 3. – P. 433–438.
4 Reaven G.M. Role of insulin resistance in human disease // Diabetes. – 1988. – Vol. 37, No. 12. – P. 1595–1607.
5 World Health Organization. Definition, Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications: Report of a WHO Consultation. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 1999.
6 Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report // Circulation. – 2002. – Vol. 106, No. 25. – P. 3143–3421.
7 Grundy S.M. Metabolic syndrome pandemic // Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. – 2008. – Vol. 28. – P. 629–636.
8 Esposito K., Chiodini P., Capuano A., et al. Metabolic syndrome and postmenopausal breast cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis // Menopause. – 2013. – Vol. 20, No. 12. – P. 1301–1309.
9 Osaki Y., Taniguchi S.I., Tahara A., Okamoto M., Kishimoto T. Metabolic syndrome and incidence of liver and breast cancers in Japan // Cancer Epidemiology. – 2012. – Vol. 36, No. 2. – P. 141–147.
10 Rosato V., Bosetti C., Talamini R., et al. Metabolic syndrome and the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women // Annals of Oncology. – 2011. – Vol. 22, No. 12. – P. 2687–2692.
11 van den Brandt P.A., Spiegelman D., Yaun S.-S., et al. Pooled analysis of prospective cohort studies on height, weight, and breast cancer risk // American Journal of Epidemiology. – 2000. – Vol. 152, No. 6. – P. 514–527.
12 Harvie M., Hooper L., Howell A.H. Central obesity and breast cancer risk: a systematic review // Obesity Reviews. – 2003. – Vol. 4, No. 3. – P. 157–173.
13 Michels K.B., Solomon C.G., Hu F.B., et al. Type 2 diabetes and subsequent incidence of breast cancer in the nurses' health study // Diabetes Care. – 2003. – Vol. 26, No. 6. – P. 1752–1758.
14 Ursin G., Longnecker M.P., Haile R.W., et al. A meta-analysis of body mass index and risk of premenopausal breast cancer // Epidemiology. – 1995. – Vol. 6, No. 2. – P. 137–141.
15 de Waard F., Baanders van Halewijn E.A. A prospective study in general practice on breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women // International Journal of Cancer. – 1974. – Vol. 14, No. 2. – P. 153–160.
16 Mink P.J., Shahar E., Rosamond W.D., et al. Serum insulin and glucose levels and breast cancer incidence: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study // The American Journal of Epidemiology. – 2002. – Vol. 156, No. 4. – P. 349–352.
17 Tornberg S.A., Holm L.-E., Carstensen J.M. Breast cancer risk in relation to serum cholesterol, serum beta-lipoprotein, height, weight, and blood pressure // Acta Oncologica. – 1988. – Vol. 27, No. 1. – P. 31–37.
18 Soler M., Chatenoud L., Negri E., Parazzini F., Franceschi S., La Vecchia C. Hypertension and hormone-related neoplasms in women // Hypertension. – 1999. – Vol. 34, No. 2. – P. 320–325.
19 Largent JA, McEligot AJ, Ziogas A. Hypertension, diuretics and breast cancer risk // Journal of Human Hypertension. – 2006. – Vol. 20, No. 10. – P. 727–732.
20 Rose D.P., Haffner S.M., Baillargeon J. Adiposity, the metabolic syndrome, and breast cancer in African-American and white American women // Endocrine Reviews. – 2007. – Vol. 28, No. 7. – P. 763–777.
21 Liao S., Li J., Wei W. Association between diabetes mellitus and breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis of the literature // Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention. – 2011. – Vol. 12, No. 4. – P. 1061–1065.
22 Jarde T., Perrier S., Vasson M.P. Molecular mechanisms of leptin and adiponectin in breast cancer // European Journal of Cancer. – 2011. – Vol. 47, No. 1. – P. 33–43.
23 Goldberg J.E., Schwertfeger K.L. Proinflammatory cytokines in breast cancer: mechanisms of action and potential targets for therapeutics // Current Drug Targets. – 2010. – Vol. 11, No. 9. – P. 1133–1146.
24 Fei X. and Michels K.B. Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and breast cancer: a review of the current evidence // Am. J. Clin. Nutr. – 2007. – Vol. 86. – P. 823-835.
25 King M.W. AMPK: Master Metabolic Regulator // Medical Biochemistry. http://themedicalbioche- mistry page.org/ampk.php.
26 Motoshima H., Goldstein B.J., Igata M., Araki E. AMPK and cell proliferation – AMPK as a therapeutic target for atherosclerosis and cancer // J. Physiol. – 2006. – Vol. 574. – P. 63–71.
27 Horikoshi M., Hara K., Ohashi J., Miyake K., Tokunaga K., Ito Ch., Kasuga M., Nagai R., Kadowaki T.A. Polymorphism in the AMPK2 Subunit Gene Is Associated With Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes in the Japanese Population // Diabetes. – 2006. – Vol. 55. – P. 919 –923.
28 https://www.nur.kz/945272-sovremennoe-sostoyanie-problemy-serd.html.
29 Ganguly P., Alam S.F. Role of homocysteine in the development of cardiovascular disease // Nurt. J. – 2015. – Vol. 14, No. 6. doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-14-6.
30 Ferroni P., Palmirotta R., Martini F., Riondino S., Savonarola A., Spila A., Ciatti F., Sini V., Mariotti S., Del Monte G., Roselli M., Guadagni F. Determinants of homocysteine levels in colorectal and breast cancer patients // Anticancer Res. – 2009. – Vol. 29, No. 10. – P. 4131-4138.
31 Zhang S.M., Willett W.C., Selhub J., Hunter D.J., Giovannucci E.L., Holmes M.D., Colditz G.A., Hankinson S.E. Plasma Folate, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B12, Homocysteine, and Risk of Breast Cancer // J. Natl. Cancer Inst. – 2003. – Vol. 95, No. 5. – P. 373-380. doi: 10.1093/jnci/95.5.373.
32 Arendt J.F.B. et al. Elevated Plasma Vitamin B12 Levels as a Marker for Cancer: A Population-Based Cohort Study // J. Natl. Cancer Inst. – 2013. – Vol. 105, No. 23. – P. 1799–1805.
References
1 Arendt J.F.B. et al. (2013) Elevated Plasma Vitamin B12 Levels as a Marker for Cancer: A Population-Based Cohort Study. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., vol. 105, no. 23, pp. 1799–1805.
2 de Waard F., Baanders van Halewijn E.A. (1974) A prospective study in general practice on breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women. International Journal of Cancer, vol. 14, no. 2. pp. 153–160.
3 Esposito K., Chiodini P., Capuano A. et al. (2013) Metabolic syndrome and postmenopausal breast cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. Menopause, vol. 20, no. 12. pp. 1301–1309.
4 Fei X. and Michels K.B. (2007) Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and breast cancer: a review of the current evidence. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., vol. 86. pp. 823-835.
5 Ferlay J., Soerjomataram I., Dikshit R., Eser S., Mathers C., Rebelo M., Parkin D.M., Forman D., Bray F. (2015) Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012. Int. J. Cancer, vol. 136, no. 5, pp. e359-86. doi: 10.1002/ijc.29210.
6 Ferroni P., Palmirotta R., Martini F., Riondino S., Savonarola A., Spila A., Ciatti F., Sini V., Mariotti S., Del Monte G., Roselli M., Guadagni F. (2009) Determinants of homocysteine levels in colorectal and breast cancer patients. Anticancer Res., vol. 29, no. 10. pp. 4131-4138.
7 Ganguly P., Alam S.F. (2015) Role of homocysteine in the development of cardiovascular disease. Nurt. J., vol. 14, no. 6. doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-14-6.
8 Goldberg J.E., Schwertfeger K.L. (2010) Proinflammatory cytokines in breast cancer: mechanisms of action and potential targets for therapeutics. Current Drug Targets, vol. 11, no. 9. pp. 1133–1146.
9 Grundy S.M., Brewer H.B. Jr., Cleeman J.I., Smith S.C. Jr., Lenfant C. (2004) Definition of metabolic syndrome: report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to definition. Circulation, vol. 109, no. 3. pp. 433–438.
10 Grundy S.M. (2008) Metabolic syndrome pandemic. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, vol. 28. pp. 629–636.
11 Harvie M., Hooper L., Howell A.H. (2003) Central obesity and breast cancer risk: a systematic review. Obesity Reviews, vol. 4, no. 3. pp. 157–173.
12 Horikoshi M., Hara K., Ohashi J., Miyake K., Tokunaga K., Ito Ch., Kasuga M., Nagai R., Kadowaki T. (2006) A Polymorphism in the AMPK2 Subunit Gene Is Associated With Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes in the Japanese Population. Diabetes, vol. 55. pp. 919 –923.
13 Howlader N. National Cancer Institute. Breast Cancer Risk Factors. http://www.cancer.gov/ cancertopics/wyntk/breast/page4.
14 https://www.nur.kz/945272-sovremennoe-sostoyanie-problemy-serd.html.
15 Jarde T., Perrier S., Vasson M.P. (2011) Molecular mechanisms of leptin and adiponectin in breast cancer. European Journal of Cancer, vol. 47, no. 1. pp. 33–43.
16 King M.W. AMPK: Master Metabolic Regulator. Medical Biochemistry. http://themedicalbioche- mistry page.org/ampk.php.
17 Largent J.A., McEligot A.J., Ziogas A. (2006) Hypertension, diuretics and breast cancer risk. Journal of Human Hypertension, vol. 20, no. 10. pp. 727–732.
18 Liao S., Li J., Wei W. (2011) Association between diabetes mellitus and breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis of the literature. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, vol. 12, no. 4. pp. 1061–1065.
19 Michels K.B., Solomon C.G., Hu F.B. et al. (2003) Type 2 diabetes and subsequent incidence of breast cancer in the nurses' health study. Diabetes Care, vol. 26, no. 6. pp. 1752–1758.
20 Mink P.J., Shahar E., Rosamond W.D. et al. (2002) Serum insulin and glucose levels and breast cancer incidence: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. The American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 156, no. 4. pp. 349–352.
21 Motoshima H., Goldstein B.J., Igata M., Araki E. (2006) AMPK and cell proliferation – AMPK as a therapeutic target for atherosclerosis and cancer. J. Physiol., vol. 574. pp. 63–71.
22 Osaki Y., Taniguchi S.I., Tahara A., Okamoto M., Kishimoto T. (2012) Metabolic syndrome and incidence of liver and breast cancers in Japan. Cancer Epidemiology, vol. 36, no. 2. pp. 141–147.
23 Reaven G. M. (1988) Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes, vol. 37, no. 12. pp. 1595–1607.
24 Rosato V., Bosetti C., Talamini R. et al. (2011) Metabolic syndrome and the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Annals of Oncology, vol. 22, no. 12, pp. 2687–2692.
25 Rose D.P., Haffner S.M., Baillargeon J. (2007) Adiposity, the metabolic syndrome, and breast cancer in African-American and white American women. Endocrine Reviews, vol. 28, no. 7. pp. 763–777.
26 Soler M., Chatenoud L., Negri E., Parazzini F., Franceschi S., La Vecchia C. (1999) Hypertension and hormone-related neoplasms in women. Hypertension, vol. 34, no. 2. pp. 320–325.
27 Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation, vol. 106, no. 25, pp. 3143–3421.
28 Tornberg S.A., Holm L-E., Carstensen J.M. (1988) Breast cancer risk in relation to serum cholesterol, serum beta-lipoprotein, height, weight, and blood pressure. Acta Oncologica, vol. 27, no. 1. pp. 31–37.
29 Ursin G., Longnecker M.P., Haile R.W. et al. (1995) A meta-analysis of body mass index and risk of premenopausal breast cancer. Epidemiology, vol. 6, no. 2. pp. 137–141.
30 van den Brandt P.A., Spiegelman D., Yaun S-S. et al. (2000) Pooled analysis of prospective cohort studies on height, weight and breast cancer risk. American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 152, no. 6. pp. 514–527.
31 World Health Organization. Definition, Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications: Report of a WHO Consultation. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 1999.
32 Zhang S.M., Willett W.C., Selhub J., Hunter D.J., Giovannucci E.L., Holmes M.D., Colditz G.A., Hankinson S.E. (2003) Plasma Folate, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B12, Homocysteine, and Risk of Breast Cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., vol. 95, no. 5. pp. 373-380. doi: 10.1093/jnci/95.5.373.
2 Howlader N. National Cancer Institute. Breast Cancer Risk Factors. http://www.cancer.gov/ cancertopics/wyntk/breast/page4.
3 Grundy S.M., Brewer H.B. Jr., Cleeman J.I., Smith S.C. Jr, Lenfant C. Definition of metabolic syndrome: report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to definition // Circulation. – 2004. – Vol. 109, No. 3. – P. 433–438.
4 Reaven G.M. Role of insulin resistance in human disease // Diabetes. – 1988. – Vol. 37, No. 12. – P. 1595–1607.
5 World Health Organization. Definition, Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications: Report of a WHO Consultation. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 1999.
6 Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report // Circulation. – 2002. – Vol. 106, No. 25. – P. 3143–3421.
7 Grundy S.M. Metabolic syndrome pandemic // Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. – 2008. – Vol. 28. – P. 629–636.
8 Esposito K., Chiodini P., Capuano A., et al. Metabolic syndrome and postmenopausal breast cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis // Menopause. – 2013. – Vol. 20, No. 12. – P. 1301–1309.
9 Osaki Y., Taniguchi S.I., Tahara A., Okamoto M., Kishimoto T. Metabolic syndrome and incidence of liver and breast cancers in Japan // Cancer Epidemiology. – 2012. – Vol. 36, No. 2. – P. 141–147.
10 Rosato V., Bosetti C., Talamini R., et al. Metabolic syndrome and the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women // Annals of Oncology. – 2011. – Vol. 22, No. 12. – P. 2687–2692.
11 van den Brandt P.A., Spiegelman D., Yaun S.-S., et al. Pooled analysis of prospective cohort studies on height, weight, and breast cancer risk // American Journal of Epidemiology. – 2000. – Vol. 152, No. 6. – P. 514–527.
12 Harvie M., Hooper L., Howell A.H. Central obesity and breast cancer risk: a systematic review // Obesity Reviews. – 2003. – Vol. 4, No. 3. – P. 157–173.
13 Michels K.B., Solomon C.G., Hu F.B., et al. Type 2 diabetes and subsequent incidence of breast cancer in the nurses' health study // Diabetes Care. – 2003. – Vol. 26, No. 6. – P. 1752–1758.
14 Ursin G., Longnecker M.P., Haile R.W., et al. A meta-analysis of body mass index and risk of premenopausal breast cancer // Epidemiology. – 1995. – Vol. 6, No. 2. – P. 137–141.
15 de Waard F., Baanders van Halewijn E.A. A prospective study in general practice on breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women // International Journal of Cancer. – 1974. – Vol. 14, No. 2. – P. 153–160.
16 Mink P.J., Shahar E., Rosamond W.D., et al. Serum insulin and glucose levels and breast cancer incidence: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study // The American Journal of Epidemiology. – 2002. – Vol. 156, No. 4. – P. 349–352.
17 Tornberg S.A., Holm L.-E., Carstensen J.M. Breast cancer risk in relation to serum cholesterol, serum beta-lipoprotein, height, weight, and blood pressure // Acta Oncologica. – 1988. – Vol. 27, No. 1. – P. 31–37.
18 Soler M., Chatenoud L., Negri E., Parazzini F., Franceschi S., La Vecchia C. Hypertension and hormone-related neoplasms in women // Hypertension. – 1999. – Vol. 34, No. 2. – P. 320–325.
19 Largent JA, McEligot AJ, Ziogas A. Hypertension, diuretics and breast cancer risk // Journal of Human Hypertension. – 2006. – Vol. 20, No. 10. – P. 727–732.
20 Rose D.P., Haffner S.M., Baillargeon J. Adiposity, the metabolic syndrome, and breast cancer in African-American and white American women // Endocrine Reviews. – 2007. – Vol. 28, No. 7. – P. 763–777.
21 Liao S., Li J., Wei W. Association between diabetes mellitus and breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis of the literature // Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention. – 2011. – Vol. 12, No. 4. – P. 1061–1065.
22 Jarde T., Perrier S., Vasson M.P. Molecular mechanisms of leptin and adiponectin in breast cancer // European Journal of Cancer. – 2011. – Vol. 47, No. 1. – P. 33–43.
23 Goldberg J.E., Schwertfeger K.L. Proinflammatory cytokines in breast cancer: mechanisms of action and potential targets for therapeutics // Current Drug Targets. – 2010. – Vol. 11, No. 9. – P. 1133–1146.
24 Fei X. and Michels K.B. Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and breast cancer: a review of the current evidence // Am. J. Clin. Nutr. – 2007. – Vol. 86. – P. 823-835.
25 King M.W. AMPK: Master Metabolic Regulator // Medical Biochemistry. http://themedicalbioche- mistry page.org/ampk.php.
26 Motoshima H., Goldstein B.J., Igata M., Araki E. AMPK and cell proliferation – AMPK as a therapeutic target for atherosclerosis and cancer // J. Physiol. – 2006. – Vol. 574. – P. 63–71.
27 Horikoshi M., Hara K., Ohashi J., Miyake K., Tokunaga K., Ito Ch., Kasuga M., Nagai R., Kadowaki T.A. Polymorphism in the AMPK2 Subunit Gene Is Associated With Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes in the Japanese Population // Diabetes. – 2006. – Vol. 55. – P. 919 –923.
28 https://www.nur.kz/945272-sovremennoe-sostoyanie-problemy-serd.html.
29 Ganguly P., Alam S.F. Role of homocysteine in the development of cardiovascular disease // Nurt. J. – 2015. – Vol. 14, No. 6. doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-14-6.
30 Ferroni P., Palmirotta R., Martini F., Riondino S., Savonarola A., Spila A., Ciatti F., Sini V., Mariotti S., Del Monte G., Roselli M., Guadagni F. Determinants of homocysteine levels in colorectal and breast cancer patients // Anticancer Res. – 2009. – Vol. 29, No. 10. – P. 4131-4138.
31 Zhang S.M., Willett W.C., Selhub J., Hunter D.J., Giovannucci E.L., Holmes M.D., Colditz G.A., Hankinson S.E. Plasma Folate, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B12, Homocysteine, and Risk of Breast Cancer // J. Natl. Cancer Inst. – 2003. – Vol. 95, No. 5. – P. 373-380. doi: 10.1093/jnci/95.5.373.
32 Arendt J.F.B. et al. Elevated Plasma Vitamin B12 Levels as a Marker for Cancer: A Population-Based Cohort Study // J. Natl. Cancer Inst. – 2013. – Vol. 105, No. 23. – P. 1799–1805.
References
1 Arendt J.F.B. et al. (2013) Elevated Plasma Vitamin B12 Levels as a Marker for Cancer: A Population-Based Cohort Study. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., vol. 105, no. 23, pp. 1799–1805.
2 de Waard F., Baanders van Halewijn E.A. (1974) A prospective study in general practice on breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women. International Journal of Cancer, vol. 14, no. 2. pp. 153–160.
3 Esposito K., Chiodini P., Capuano A. et al. (2013) Metabolic syndrome and postmenopausal breast cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. Menopause, vol. 20, no. 12. pp. 1301–1309.
4 Fei X. and Michels K.B. (2007) Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and breast cancer: a review of the current evidence. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., vol. 86. pp. 823-835.
5 Ferlay J., Soerjomataram I., Dikshit R., Eser S., Mathers C., Rebelo M., Parkin D.M., Forman D., Bray F. (2015) Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012. Int. J. Cancer, vol. 136, no. 5, pp. e359-86. doi: 10.1002/ijc.29210.
6 Ferroni P., Palmirotta R., Martini F., Riondino S., Savonarola A., Spila A., Ciatti F., Sini V., Mariotti S., Del Monte G., Roselli M., Guadagni F. (2009) Determinants of homocysteine levels in colorectal and breast cancer patients. Anticancer Res., vol. 29, no. 10. pp. 4131-4138.
7 Ganguly P., Alam S.F. (2015) Role of homocysteine in the development of cardiovascular disease. Nurt. J., vol. 14, no. 6. doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-14-6.
8 Goldberg J.E., Schwertfeger K.L. (2010) Proinflammatory cytokines in breast cancer: mechanisms of action and potential targets for therapeutics. Current Drug Targets, vol. 11, no. 9. pp. 1133–1146.
9 Grundy S.M., Brewer H.B. Jr., Cleeman J.I., Smith S.C. Jr., Lenfant C. (2004) Definition of metabolic syndrome: report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to definition. Circulation, vol. 109, no. 3. pp. 433–438.
10 Grundy S.M. (2008) Metabolic syndrome pandemic. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, vol. 28. pp. 629–636.
11 Harvie M., Hooper L., Howell A.H. (2003) Central obesity and breast cancer risk: a systematic review. Obesity Reviews, vol. 4, no. 3. pp. 157–173.
12 Horikoshi M., Hara K., Ohashi J., Miyake K., Tokunaga K., Ito Ch., Kasuga M., Nagai R., Kadowaki T. (2006) A Polymorphism in the AMPK2 Subunit Gene Is Associated With Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes in the Japanese Population. Diabetes, vol. 55. pp. 919 –923.
13 Howlader N. National Cancer Institute. Breast Cancer Risk Factors. http://www.cancer.gov/ cancertopics/wyntk/breast/page4.
14 https://www.nur.kz/945272-sovremennoe-sostoyanie-problemy-serd.html.
15 Jarde T., Perrier S., Vasson M.P. (2011) Molecular mechanisms of leptin and adiponectin in breast cancer. European Journal of Cancer, vol. 47, no. 1. pp. 33–43.
16 King M.W. AMPK: Master Metabolic Regulator. Medical Biochemistry. http://themedicalbioche- mistry page.org/ampk.php.
17 Largent J.A., McEligot A.J., Ziogas A. (2006) Hypertension, diuretics and breast cancer risk. Journal of Human Hypertension, vol. 20, no. 10. pp. 727–732.
18 Liao S., Li J., Wei W. (2011) Association between diabetes mellitus and breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis of the literature. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, vol. 12, no. 4. pp. 1061–1065.
19 Michels K.B., Solomon C.G., Hu F.B. et al. (2003) Type 2 diabetes and subsequent incidence of breast cancer in the nurses' health study. Diabetes Care, vol. 26, no. 6. pp. 1752–1758.
20 Mink P.J., Shahar E., Rosamond W.D. et al. (2002) Serum insulin and glucose levels and breast cancer incidence: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. The American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 156, no. 4. pp. 349–352.
21 Motoshima H., Goldstein B.J., Igata M., Araki E. (2006) AMPK and cell proliferation – AMPK as a therapeutic target for atherosclerosis and cancer. J. Physiol., vol. 574. pp. 63–71.
22 Osaki Y., Taniguchi S.I., Tahara A., Okamoto M., Kishimoto T. (2012) Metabolic syndrome and incidence of liver and breast cancers in Japan. Cancer Epidemiology, vol. 36, no. 2. pp. 141–147.
23 Reaven G. M. (1988) Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes, vol. 37, no. 12. pp. 1595–1607.
24 Rosato V., Bosetti C., Talamini R. et al. (2011) Metabolic syndrome and the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Annals of Oncology, vol. 22, no. 12, pp. 2687–2692.
25 Rose D.P., Haffner S.M., Baillargeon J. (2007) Adiposity, the metabolic syndrome, and breast cancer in African-American and white American women. Endocrine Reviews, vol. 28, no. 7. pp. 763–777.
26 Soler M., Chatenoud L., Negri E., Parazzini F., Franceschi S., La Vecchia C. (1999) Hypertension and hormone-related neoplasms in women. Hypertension, vol. 34, no. 2. pp. 320–325.
27 Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation, vol. 106, no. 25, pp. 3143–3421.
28 Tornberg S.A., Holm L-E., Carstensen J.M. (1988) Breast cancer risk in relation to serum cholesterol, serum beta-lipoprotein, height, weight, and blood pressure. Acta Oncologica, vol. 27, no. 1. pp. 31–37.
29 Ursin G., Longnecker M.P., Haile R.W. et al. (1995) A meta-analysis of body mass index and risk of premenopausal breast cancer. Epidemiology, vol. 6, no. 2. pp. 137–141.
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Yerezhepov, D., Manarbek, L., & Akilzhanova А. (2018). Genetic profile, metabolic syndrome and breast cancer risk in Kazakhstani women. Experimental Biology, 74(1), 74–87. https://doi.org/10.26577/eb-2018-1-1317
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МOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND GENETICS
