CURRENT STATE OF RESEARCH ON COMMON BEAN ANTHRACNOSE (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS L.): ETIOLOGY, GENETICS OF RESISTANCE, AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES

Abstract

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is one of the most important grain legume crops worldwide and a key source of plant protein. However, the stability of its production is significantly constrained by anthracnose, one of the most destructive and economically important diseases of common bean, widely distributed in regions with temperate and humid climates. The causal agent of the disease is the phytopathogenic fungus Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, which is characterized by high genetic and pathogenic variability as well as pronounced race differentiation. These features substantially complicate the breeding of resistant cultivars and effective disease control.

This review summarizes recent studies on the etiology of common bean anthracnose, the biology and life cycle of the pathogen, race diversity, and the genetic mechanisms underlying anthracnose resistance in Phaseolus vulgaris. The role of infected seeds as the primary source of infection and a major factor in transboundary disease spread is analyzed. Current approaches to the classification of C. lindemuthianum races are discussed, and the importance of continuous monitoring of the pathogen population structure is highlighted.

Special attention is given to the genetics of anthracnose resistance in common bean, including race-specific Co genes and quantitative trait loci (QTL) identified using genome-wide association study approaches. Prospects for gene pyramiding based on GWAS data and the application of genomic selection to achieve durable resistance are discussed. The situation in the United States, particularly in the state of Michigan, is used as an example to demonstrate the practical importance of monitoring the race composition of the pathogen. The review concludes that integrated anthracnose management strategies combining genetic resistance, agronomic practices, and phytosanitary control are essential for sustainable common bean production.