Development of alternative method for studying the local irritant effect of coordinated compounds of iodine in vitro
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26577/eb-2018-2-1335Abstract
The development of alternative methods in toxicological testing is relevant for several reasons: a) the ability to test a large number of substances in a relatively short time and under the same conditions; b) the presence of a variety of models in vitro; c) cost-effective for the research by replacing laboratory ani- mals with in vitro models. One of the results of this work is the humanization of toxicological studies by reducing the number of laboratory animals used in the experiment. According to this, the development of a method for assessing the local irritant effect of certain substances that has well-known corrosive ef- fect on the mucous membranes will be useful, especially for substances such as iodine and its complexes with bioorganic ligands.
The purpose of this work was to evaluate the possibility of using the MDCK cell line as an in vitro model for studying the irritant effect of new iodine coordinated compounds (CC-143, CC-144, CC-145) using the MTT test. The reference substance was povidone iodine (PVP-iodine), the sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) was used as a well-studied control substance and recommended for toxicological studies in vitro.
It has been shown that PVP-iodine, SLS, CC-143, CC-144 and CC-145 demonstrate classical dose- dependent cytotoxicity against MDCK cell line. The cytotoxic concentration (CC50) for PVP-iodine is significantly lower in comparison with the CC50 for coordinated compounds. Moreover, the cytotoxic effect of CC on MDCK does not depend on the incubation time, from 3 to 72 hours.
The practical significance of the work lies in the fact that the MDCK cell line can be offered as an alternative model in screening studies of the local irritant effect of new CС iodine compounds.
Key words: alternative method, MDCK, model of epithelial cells in vitro, coordinated compound of iodine.
References
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Majda А., Chuscielska K. Estimation of damaging effects of chemicals on the mucous membrane rabbit eyes �� Medicine Pracy, XXIV, − 1973. – Vol. 3. – P. 321-336.
EЭС 76�768�ЕЕС (Cosmetics Directive) Directive 2003�15�EC of 27 February 2003 is the 7th amendment to the law.
Завьялов Н.В., Червонская Г.П., Панкратова Г.П. и др. Ускоренное изучение цитотоксического действия в экспресс- тестах in vitro �� Сб. тезисов докл. 1-го съезда токсикологов. – 1998. – Москва. – С. 279.
Russell W.M.S., Burch R.�. The Principles of Humane Experimental Techniques �� Methuen and Co., �ondon, UK, − 1950. – P. 238.
Ekwall B., Clemedson C., Ekwall B. [et al.] EDIT: a new international multicentre programme to develop and evaluate batteries of in vitro tests for acute and chronic systemic toxicity �� − 1999. – Vol. 27. – P. 339-349.
Трахтенберг І.М., Коваленко В.М., Кокшарьова Н.В., Жмінько П.Г. Альтернативні методи і тест-системи. Лікарська токсикологія �� АМН України І.М. Трахтенберга. – 2008. – C. 272.
Wilson S.�., Ahearne, M., Hopkinson, A. An overview of current techniques for ocular toxicity testing. �� Toxicology 327. − 2015. – P. 32–46.
Hoffmann S., Hartung T. Designing validation studies more efficiently according to the modular approach: Retrospective analy- sis of the EPISKIN test for skin corrosion �� Altern �ab Anim 34. – 2006. – P. 177-191.
Contini S., Scarpignato C. Caustic injury of the upper gastrointestinal tract: A comprehensive review �� World �ournal of Gas- troenterology. – 2013. – Vol. 19, No 25. – P. 3918-3930.
Gordon S., Daneshian M., Bouwstra �., [et al.] Non-Animal Models of Epithelial Barriers (Skin, Intestine and �ung) in Research
�� Industrial Applications and Regulatory Toxicology. – 2015. – Altex 32(4). – P. 341.
Tsurumaru D., Utsunomiya T., Matsuura S., Komori M., Kawanami S., Ishibashi T., Honda H. Gastric mucosal changes caused by �ugol’s iodine solution spray: endoscopic features of 64 cases on screening esophagogastroduodenoscopy �� Gastroenterology Research and Practice. − 2010. – Vol. 2010. – P. 1-4.
Kanagalingam �., Chopra A., Hong M.H., Ibrahim W., Villalon A., �in �-C. Povidone-iodine for the management of oral muco- sitis during cancer therapy �� �ncology Reviews. – 2017. – Vol. 11(2). – P.341.
Ilin A.I., Kulmanov M.E. Antibacterial agent for treating infectious diseases of bacterial origin �� − 2014. – Patent 389 US 2014�0010782 A1
�uldasheva G.A., Zhidomirov G.M., Abekova A.�., Ilin A.I. The Mechanism of Anti-Cancer Activity of Complexes of Molec- ular Iodine with α-Dextrins and Polypeptides and �ithium Halogenides �� �ournal of Antivirals and Antiretrovirals. – 2016. – Vol. 8.
– P. 072-078. D�I:10.4172�jaa.1000138.
Madin S.H., Darby N.B. U.S. Dept. HEW, P.H.S. Registry of Animal Cell �ines �� Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. − 1965. – Vol. 98.
– P. 574-576.
Gaush C.R., Hard W.�., Smith T.F. Characterization of an established line of canine kidney cells (MDCK), Proc Soc Exp �� Biol Med. – 1966. – Vol. 122. – P. 931-935.
Taub M., Ue B., Chuman �., Rindler M.�., Saier M.H. Alterations in growth requirements of kidney epithelial cells in defined medium associated with malignant transformation. �� Methods Enzymol. – 1979. – Vol. 58. – P. 552-560.
Taub M., Ue B., Chuman �., Rindler M.�., Saier M.H. Supramolecule Structure �� − 1981. – Vol. 15. – P. 63-72.
�ECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals Section 4: Health Effects. Test No. 431: In Vitro Skin Corrosion: Reconstructed Human Epidermis (RHE) Test Method. – 2013. – D�I: 10.1787�9789264203822-en.
Fukuda M., Murano H., �amashiro �., Takahashi N. �ournal Investigative �phthalmology & Visual Science: Effects of Povi- done Iodine on Cultured Corneal Epithelial Cells �� ARV� Annual Meeting Abstract. – 2003. – Vol. 44, Issue 13. – P. 66.
Mosmann T. Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays ��
�ournal of Immunological Methods. – 1983. – Vol. 65, No 1-2. – P. 55-63.
Wutzler P., Sauerbrei A., Klöcking R., Brögmann B., Reimer K. Virucidal activity and cytotoxicity of the liposomal formulation of povidone-iodine �� Antiviral Res. – 2002. – Vol. 54, No 2. – P. 89-97.
Noda �., Fujii K., Fujii S. Critical evaluation of cadexomer-iodine ointment and povidone-iodine sugar ointment �� Int � Pharm.
– 2009. – Vol. 8, No. 372(1-2). – P.85-90.
Müller G., Kramer A. Biocompatibility index of antiseptic agents by parallel assessment of antimicrobial activity and cellular cytotoxicity �� � Antimicrob Chemother. – 2008. – Vol. 61, No 6. – P. 1281-1287.
Doan �., Piskoun B., Rosenberg A.D., Blanck T.�., Phillips M.S., Xu F. In vitro antiseptic effects on viability of neuronal and Schwann cells �� Reg Anesth Pain Med. – 2012. – Vol. 37, No 2. – P. 131-138.
Rusanov A.�., �uzgina N.G., �isitsa A.V. Sodium dodecyl sulfate cytotoxicity towards HaCaT keratinocytes: comparative analysis of methods for evaluation of cell viability �� Bull Exp Biol Med. – 2017. – Vol. 163, No 2. – P. 284-288.
Kataoka M., Tsumura H., Kaku N., Torisu T. Toxic effects of povidone-iodine on synovial cell and articular cartilage �� Clin Rheumatol. – 2006. – Vol. 25, No 5. – P.632-638.
References
Cinelli S., Falezza A., Meli C. [et al.] (1991) Alternative methods in toxicology tests: in vitro toxicity. Cytotechnology., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 51-54 (European Commision-Enterprise and Industry-REACH – �verview-FAG. Web page: http:��eu.europa.eu�enter- prise�reach�fag_en.htm.
Contini S., Scarpignato C. (2013) Caustic injury of the upper gastrointestinal tract: A comprehensive review., World �ournal of Gastroenterology., vol. 19, no. 25, pp. 3918-3930.
Doan �., Piskoun B., Rosenberg A.D., Blanck T.�., Phillips M.S., Xu F. (2012) In vitro antiseptic effects on viability of neuronal and Schwann cells. Reg Anesth Pain Med., vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 131-138.
Ekwall B., Clemedson C., Ekwall B. [et al.] (1999) EDIT: a new international multicentre programme to develop and evaluate batteries of in vitro tests for acute and chronic systemic toxicity., vol. 27, pp. 339-349.
EЭС 76�768�ЕЕС (Cosmetics Directive) Directive 2003�15�EC of 27 February 2003 is the 7th amendment to the law.
Fukuda M., Murano H., �amashiro �., Takahashi N. (2003) Effects of Povidone Iodine on Cultured Corneal Epithelial Cells.
�ournal Investigative �phthalmology & Visual Science., ARV� Annual Meeting Abstract., vol. 44, Issue 13, pp. 66.
Gaush C.R., Hard W.�., Smith T.F. (1966) Characterization of an established line of canine kidney cells (MDCK), Proc Soc Exp. Biol Med., vol. 122, pp. 931-935.
Gordon S., Daneshian M., Bouwstra �., [et al.] (2015) Non-Animal Models of Epithelial Barriers (Skin, Intestine and �ung) in Research. Industrial Applications and Regulatory Toxicology., Altex 32(4), p. 341.
Hoffmann S., Hartung T. (2006) Designing validation studies more efficiently according to the modular approach: Retrospective analysis of the EPISKIN test for skin corrosion. Altern �ab Anim 34., pp. 177-191.
Ilin A.I., Kulmanov M.E. (2014) Antibacterial agent for treating infectious diseases of bacterial origin. Patent 389 US 2014�0010782 A1
Kanagalingam �., Chopra A., Hong M.H., Ibrahim W., Villalon A., �in �-C. (2017) Povidone-iodine for the management of oral mucositis during cancer therapy., �ncology Reviews., vol. 11(2), p.341.
Kataoka M., Tsumura H., Kaku N., Torisu T. (2006) Toxic effects of povidone-iodine on synovial cell and articular cartilage.
Clin Rheumatol., vol. 25, no. 5, pp.632-638.
Madin S.H., Darby N.B. (1965) U.S. Dept. HEW, P.H.S. Registry of Animal Cell �ines. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med., vol. 98, pp. 574-576.
Majda А., Chuscielska K. (1973) Estimation of damaging effects of chemicals on the mucous membrane rabbit eyes., Medicine Pracy, XXIV, , vol.3, pp. 321-336
Mosmann T. (1983) Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity as- says. �ournal of Immunological Methods., vol. 65, no. 1-2, pp. 55-63.
Müller G., Kramer A. (2008) Biocompatibility index of antiseptic agents by parallel assessment of antimicrobial activity and cellular cytotoxicity. � Antimicrob Chemother., vol. 61, no. 6, pp. 1281-1287.
Noda �., Fujii K., Fujii S. (2009) Critical evaluation of cadexomer-iodine ointment and povidone-iodine sugar ointment. Int � Pharm., vol. 8, no. 372 (1-2), pp.85-90.
�ECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals (2013) Section 4: Health Effects. Test No. 431: In Vitro Skin Corrosion: Recon- structed Human Epidermis (RHE) Test Method. D�I: 10.1787�9789264203822-en.
Rusanov A.�., �uzgina N.G., �isitsa A.V. (2017) Sodium dodecyl sulfate cytotoxicity towards HaCaT keratinocytes: compara- tive analysis of methods for evaluation of cell viability. Bull Exp Biol Med., vol. 163, no. 2, pp. 284-288.
Russell W.M.S., Burch R.�. (1950) The Principles of Humane Experimental Techniques. Methuen and Co., �ondon, UK, pp.
238.
Taub M., Ue B., Chuman �., Rindler M.�., Saier M.H. (1981) Supramolecule Structure., vol. 15, pp. 63-72.
Taub M., Ue B., Chuman �., Rindler M.�., Saier M.H. (1979) Alterations in growth requirements of kidney epithelial cells in
defined medium associated with malignant transformation. Methods Enzymol., vol. 58, pp. 552-560.
Tsurumaru D., Utsunomiya T., Matsuura S., Komori M., Kawanami S., Ishibashi T., Honda H. (2010) Gastric mucosal changes caused by �ugol’s iodine solution spray: endoscopic features of 64 cases on screening esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Gastroenterol- ogy Research and Practice., vol. 2010, pp. 1-4.
Wilson S.�., Ahearne, M., Hopkinson, A. (2015) An overview of current techniques for ocular toxicity testing. Toxicology 327., pp. 32–46.
Wutzler P., Sauerbrei A., Klöcking R., Brögmann B., Reimer K. (2002) Virucidal activity and cytotoxicity of the liposomal formulation of povidone-iodine. Antiviral Res., vol. 54., no. 2, pp. 89-97.
�uldasheva G.A., Zhidomirov G.M., Abekova A.�., Ilin A.I. (2016) The Mechanism of Anti-Cancer Activity of Complexes of Molecular Iodine with α-Dextrins and Polypeptides and �ithium Halogenides. �ournal of Antivirals and Antiretrovirals., vol. 8, pp. 072-078. D�I:10.4172�jaa.1000138.
Zavyalov N.V., Chernovskaya G.P., Pankratova G.P. i dr. (1998) Uskorennoe izuchenie citotoksicheskogo deistviya v ekspress- testah in vitro. [Accelerated study the cytotoxic effect in rapid tests in vitro]. Sb. Tezicov dokl. 1-go s`ezda toksikologov., Moskva., p. 279.
Trahtenberg І.М., Kovalenko V.М., Kokshar`ova N.V., Zhmin`ko P.G. (2008) �ikars`ka toksikologiya: Alternativni metodi i test-sistemi. [Drug technology: Alternative methods and test-systems]. АМN Ukraini І.М. Trahtenberga., p. 272.
Majda А., Chuscielska K. Estimation of damaging effects of chemicals on the mucous membrane rabbit eyes �� Medicine Pracy, XXIV, − 1973. – Vol. 3. – P. 321-336.
EЭС 76�768�ЕЕС (Cosmetics Directive) Directive 2003�15�EC of 27 February 2003 is the 7th amendment to the law.
Завьялов Н.В., Червонская Г.П., Панкратова Г.П. и др. Ускоренное изучение цитотоксического действия в экспресс- тестах in vitro �� Сб. тезисов докл. 1-го съезда токсикологов. – 1998. – Москва. – С. 279.
Russell W.M.S., Burch R.�. The Principles of Humane Experimental Techniques �� Methuen and Co., �ondon, UK, − 1950. – P. 238.
Ekwall B., Clemedson C., Ekwall B. [et al.] EDIT: a new international multicentre programme to develop and evaluate batteries of in vitro tests for acute and chronic systemic toxicity �� − 1999. – Vol. 27. – P. 339-349.
Трахтенберг І.М., Коваленко В.М., Кокшарьова Н.В., Жмінько П.Г. Альтернативні методи і тест-системи. Лікарська токсикологія �� АМН України І.М. Трахтенберга. – 2008. – C. 272.
Wilson S.�., Ahearne, M., Hopkinson, A. An overview of current techniques for ocular toxicity testing. �� Toxicology 327. − 2015. – P. 32–46.
Hoffmann S., Hartung T. Designing validation studies more efficiently according to the modular approach: Retrospective analy- sis of the EPISKIN test for skin corrosion �� Altern �ab Anim 34. – 2006. – P. 177-191.
Contini S., Scarpignato C. Caustic injury of the upper gastrointestinal tract: A comprehensive review �� World �ournal of Gas- troenterology. – 2013. – Vol. 19, No 25. – P. 3918-3930.
Gordon S., Daneshian M., Bouwstra �., [et al.] Non-Animal Models of Epithelial Barriers (Skin, Intestine and �ung) in Research
�� Industrial Applications and Regulatory Toxicology. – 2015. – Altex 32(4). – P. 341.
Tsurumaru D., Utsunomiya T., Matsuura S., Komori M., Kawanami S., Ishibashi T., Honda H. Gastric mucosal changes caused by �ugol’s iodine solution spray: endoscopic features of 64 cases on screening esophagogastroduodenoscopy �� Gastroenterology Research and Practice. − 2010. – Vol. 2010. – P. 1-4.
Kanagalingam �., Chopra A., Hong M.H., Ibrahim W., Villalon A., �in �-C. Povidone-iodine for the management of oral muco- sitis during cancer therapy �� �ncology Reviews. – 2017. – Vol. 11(2). – P.341.
Ilin A.I., Kulmanov M.E. Antibacterial agent for treating infectious diseases of bacterial origin �� − 2014. – Patent 389 US 2014�0010782 A1
�uldasheva G.A., Zhidomirov G.M., Abekova A.�., Ilin A.I. The Mechanism of Anti-Cancer Activity of Complexes of Molec- ular Iodine with α-Dextrins and Polypeptides and �ithium Halogenides �� �ournal of Antivirals and Antiretrovirals. – 2016. – Vol. 8.
– P. 072-078. D�I:10.4172�jaa.1000138.
Madin S.H., Darby N.B. U.S. Dept. HEW, P.H.S. Registry of Animal Cell �ines �� Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. − 1965. – Vol. 98.
– P. 574-576.
Gaush C.R., Hard W.�., Smith T.F. Characterization of an established line of canine kidney cells (MDCK), Proc Soc Exp �� Biol Med. – 1966. – Vol. 122. – P. 931-935.
Taub M., Ue B., Chuman �., Rindler M.�., Saier M.H. Alterations in growth requirements of kidney epithelial cells in defined medium associated with malignant transformation. �� Methods Enzymol. – 1979. – Vol. 58. – P. 552-560.
Taub M., Ue B., Chuman �., Rindler M.�., Saier M.H. Supramolecule Structure �� − 1981. – Vol. 15. – P. 63-72.
�ECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals Section 4: Health Effects. Test No. 431: In Vitro Skin Corrosion: Reconstructed Human Epidermis (RHE) Test Method. – 2013. – D�I: 10.1787�9789264203822-en.
Fukuda M., Murano H., �amashiro �., Takahashi N. �ournal Investigative �phthalmology & Visual Science: Effects of Povi- done Iodine on Cultured Corneal Epithelial Cells �� ARV� Annual Meeting Abstract. – 2003. – Vol. 44, Issue 13. – P. 66.
Mosmann T. Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays ��
�ournal of Immunological Methods. – 1983. – Vol. 65, No 1-2. – P. 55-63.
Wutzler P., Sauerbrei A., Klöcking R., Brögmann B., Reimer K. Virucidal activity and cytotoxicity of the liposomal formulation of povidone-iodine �� Antiviral Res. – 2002. – Vol. 54, No 2. – P. 89-97.
Noda �., Fujii K., Fujii S. Critical evaluation of cadexomer-iodine ointment and povidone-iodine sugar ointment �� Int � Pharm.
– 2009. – Vol. 8, No. 372(1-2). – P.85-90.
Müller G., Kramer A. Biocompatibility index of antiseptic agents by parallel assessment of antimicrobial activity and cellular cytotoxicity �� � Antimicrob Chemother. – 2008. – Vol. 61, No 6. – P. 1281-1287.
Doan �., Piskoun B., Rosenberg A.D., Blanck T.�., Phillips M.S., Xu F. In vitro antiseptic effects on viability of neuronal and Schwann cells �� Reg Anesth Pain Med. – 2012. – Vol. 37, No 2. – P. 131-138.
Rusanov A.�., �uzgina N.G., �isitsa A.V. Sodium dodecyl sulfate cytotoxicity towards HaCaT keratinocytes: comparative analysis of methods for evaluation of cell viability �� Bull Exp Biol Med. – 2017. – Vol. 163, No 2. – P. 284-288.
Kataoka M., Tsumura H., Kaku N., Torisu T. Toxic effects of povidone-iodine on synovial cell and articular cartilage �� Clin Rheumatol. – 2006. – Vol. 25, No 5. – P.632-638.
References
Cinelli S., Falezza A., Meli C. [et al.] (1991) Alternative methods in toxicology tests: in vitro toxicity. Cytotechnology., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 51-54 (European Commision-Enterprise and Industry-REACH – �verview-FAG. Web page: http:��eu.europa.eu�enter- prise�reach�fag_en.htm.
Contini S., Scarpignato C. (2013) Caustic injury of the upper gastrointestinal tract: A comprehensive review., World �ournal of Gastroenterology., vol. 19, no. 25, pp. 3918-3930.
Doan �., Piskoun B., Rosenberg A.D., Blanck T.�., Phillips M.S., Xu F. (2012) In vitro antiseptic effects on viability of neuronal and Schwann cells. Reg Anesth Pain Med., vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 131-138.
Ekwall B., Clemedson C., Ekwall B. [et al.] (1999) EDIT: a new international multicentre programme to develop and evaluate batteries of in vitro tests for acute and chronic systemic toxicity., vol. 27, pp. 339-349.
EЭС 76�768�ЕЕС (Cosmetics Directive) Directive 2003�15�EC of 27 February 2003 is the 7th amendment to the law.
Fukuda M., Murano H., �amashiro �., Takahashi N. (2003) Effects of Povidone Iodine on Cultured Corneal Epithelial Cells.
�ournal Investigative �phthalmology & Visual Science., ARV� Annual Meeting Abstract., vol. 44, Issue 13, pp. 66.
Gaush C.R., Hard W.�., Smith T.F. (1966) Characterization of an established line of canine kidney cells (MDCK), Proc Soc Exp. Biol Med., vol. 122, pp. 931-935.
Gordon S., Daneshian M., Bouwstra �., [et al.] (2015) Non-Animal Models of Epithelial Barriers (Skin, Intestine and �ung) in Research. Industrial Applications and Regulatory Toxicology., Altex 32(4), p. 341.
Hoffmann S., Hartung T. (2006) Designing validation studies more efficiently according to the modular approach: Retrospective analysis of the EPISKIN test for skin corrosion. Altern �ab Anim 34., pp. 177-191.
Ilin A.I., Kulmanov M.E. (2014) Antibacterial agent for treating infectious diseases of bacterial origin. Patent 389 US 2014�0010782 A1
Kanagalingam �., Chopra A., Hong M.H., Ibrahim W., Villalon A., �in �-C. (2017) Povidone-iodine for the management of oral mucositis during cancer therapy., �ncology Reviews., vol. 11(2), p.341.
Kataoka M., Tsumura H., Kaku N., Torisu T. (2006) Toxic effects of povidone-iodine on synovial cell and articular cartilage.
Clin Rheumatol., vol. 25, no. 5, pp.632-638.
Madin S.H., Darby N.B. (1965) U.S. Dept. HEW, P.H.S. Registry of Animal Cell �ines. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med., vol. 98, pp. 574-576.
Majda А., Chuscielska K. (1973) Estimation of damaging effects of chemicals on the mucous membrane rabbit eyes., Medicine Pracy, XXIV, , vol.3, pp. 321-336
Mosmann T. (1983) Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity as- says. �ournal of Immunological Methods., vol. 65, no. 1-2, pp. 55-63.
Müller G., Kramer A. (2008) Biocompatibility index of antiseptic agents by parallel assessment of antimicrobial activity and cellular cytotoxicity. � Antimicrob Chemother., vol. 61, no. 6, pp. 1281-1287.
Noda �., Fujii K., Fujii S. (2009) Critical evaluation of cadexomer-iodine ointment and povidone-iodine sugar ointment. Int � Pharm., vol. 8, no. 372 (1-2), pp.85-90.
�ECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals (2013) Section 4: Health Effects. Test No. 431: In Vitro Skin Corrosion: Recon- structed Human Epidermis (RHE) Test Method. D�I: 10.1787�9789264203822-en.
Rusanov A.�., �uzgina N.G., �isitsa A.V. (2017) Sodium dodecyl sulfate cytotoxicity towards HaCaT keratinocytes: compara- tive analysis of methods for evaluation of cell viability. Bull Exp Biol Med., vol. 163, no. 2, pp. 284-288.
Russell W.M.S., Burch R.�. (1950) The Principles of Humane Experimental Techniques. Methuen and Co., �ondon, UK, pp.
238.
Taub M., Ue B., Chuman �., Rindler M.�., Saier M.H. (1981) Supramolecule Structure., vol. 15, pp. 63-72.
Taub M., Ue B., Chuman �., Rindler M.�., Saier M.H. (1979) Alterations in growth requirements of kidney epithelial cells in
defined medium associated with malignant transformation. Methods Enzymol., vol. 58, pp. 552-560.
Tsurumaru D., Utsunomiya T., Matsuura S., Komori M., Kawanami S., Ishibashi T., Honda H. (2010) Gastric mucosal changes caused by �ugol’s iodine solution spray: endoscopic features of 64 cases on screening esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Gastroenterol- ogy Research and Practice., vol. 2010, pp. 1-4.
Wilson S.�., Ahearne, M., Hopkinson, A. (2015) An overview of current techniques for ocular toxicity testing. Toxicology 327., pp. 32–46.
Wutzler P., Sauerbrei A., Klöcking R., Brögmann B., Reimer K. (2002) Virucidal activity and cytotoxicity of the liposomal formulation of povidone-iodine. Antiviral Res., vol. 54., no. 2, pp. 89-97.
�uldasheva G.A., Zhidomirov G.M., Abekova A.�., Ilin A.I. (2016) The Mechanism of Anti-Cancer Activity of Complexes of Molecular Iodine with α-Dextrins and Polypeptides and �ithium Halogenides. �ournal of Antivirals and Antiretrovirals., vol. 8, pp. 072-078. D�I:10.4172�jaa.1000138.
Zavyalov N.V., Chernovskaya G.P., Pankratova G.P. i dr. (1998) Uskorennoe izuchenie citotoksicheskogo deistviya v ekspress- testah in vitro. [Accelerated study the cytotoxic effect in rapid tests in vitro]. Sb. Tezicov dokl. 1-go s`ezda toksikologov., Moskva., p. 279.
Trahtenberg І.М., Kovalenko V.М., Kokshar`ova N.V., Zhmin`ko P.G. (2008) �ikars`ka toksikologiya: Alternativni metodi i test-sistemi. [Drug technology: Alternative methods and test-systems]. АМN Ukraini І.М. Trahtenberga., p. 272.
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Abekova А. О., Kenzhebekova R. Т., Abramova, Z. S., Islamov R. А., Nersesyan, A. K., & Ilin А. I. (2018). Development of alternative method for studying the local irritant effect of coordinated compounds of iodine in vitro. Experimental Biology, 75(2), 134–142. https://doi.org/10.26577/eb-2018-2-1335
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HUMAN AND ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY
