Study of hematological parameters of rats at the action of the immunostimulating drug «Flavovir»
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26577/eb-2018-2-1332Abstract
In the conducted research are studied hematologic indicators of blood of rats at effect of “Flavovir” immunoperformance-enhancing drug. It is established that medicine "Flavovir" in a dose of 35 mg/kg at single application causes statistically reliable (Р≤0,001) increase of level of leukocytes, erythrocytes, hemoglobin and hematocrit. Against the background of statistically reliable (Р≤0,001) decrease in level the polymorphonuclear neutrophils, a rise in lymphocytes. Oral introduction of the medicine "Flavovir" stimulates growth of leukocytes 6 days for 60% in a dose of 35 mg/kg, erythrocytes for 33%, hemoglobin to 159,12±0,89g/l, the hematocrit to 52,25±1,76%, lymphocytes on 2,3 times. Level of platelets increases to 838,00±7,56×109/l (Р≤0,001) and increase in percentage of eosinophils for 50% (P≤0,001) compared with control animals. Throughout an experiment change of body weight of rats of rather background values in one of the compared groups was not revealed. Change of water consumption in groups of the animals receiving the studied medicines concerning monitoring was not noted. Comparison of data of measurement of rectal temperature did not reveal reliable differences between experienced and control group of animals. Results of the pilot studies showed that existence of the accruing lymphocytosis can demonstrate activation of a cell-like link of immune system, that is the immunostimulating property of medicine.
Key words: immunostimulating drug, «Flavovir», hematological blood counts, rat, experiment.
References
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2. Ablajhanova N.T., Tusupbekova G.A., Ablajhanova Nurzat (2016) Gematologicheskie pokazateli krovi u zhivotnyh pri dejstvii immunostimuliruyushchego preparata «Sapanoks-immuno+» [Hematologic indicators of blood at animals at effect of Sapanoks-immuno + immunoperformance-enhancing drug]. Evrazijskij soyuz uchenyh, vol. 23, no 3, pp. 104-106.
3. Avdeeva E. V., Kurkin V. A. (2007) Immunomoduliruyushchie fitopreparaty: spros i predlozheniya [Immunomodulatory phytomedicines: demand and offers]. Remedium, no 3, pp. 26-28.
4. Bajdaulet I. O. (2013) Faktory riska dlya zdorov'ya naseleniya v napryazhennyh ehkologicheskih usloviyah zagryazneniya [Risk factors for health of the population in intense ecological conditions of pollution]. Gigiena i sanitariya, no 6, pp.64-69.
5. Bettstetter M., Peng X., Garrett R.A., Prangishvili D. (2003) AFV1, a novel virus infecting hyperthermophilic archaea of the genus Acidianus. Virology, vol. 315, pp. 68-79.
6. Chereshnev K. V. (2014) Immunologiya: uchebnik dlya vuzov [Immunology: the textbook for higher education institutions], Moskva: Centr strategicheskogo partnerstva, 360 р.
7. Duran A.E., Muniesa M., Mendez X., Valero F., Lucena F., Jofre J. (2002) Removal and inactivation of indicator bacteriophages in fresh waters. Journal of Applied Microbiology, vol. 92, pp. 338-347.
8. Esimova I. E., Novickij V. V., Urazova O. I. (2012) Prichiny disregulyacii immunnogo otveta pri tuberkuleze legkih: rol' narushenij iskhodnogo sostoyaniya immunologicheskoj reaktivnosti organizma [The reasons of a disregulyation of the immune answer at tuberculosis of lungs: role of violations of an initial condition of immunological reactivity of an organism]. Byulleten' sibirskoj mediciny, no 4, pp. 93-98.
9. Geha R. S., Notarangelo L. D., Casanova J. L. [et all.] (2007) Primary immunodeficiency diseases: an update from the International Union of Immunological Societies Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases Classification Committee. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol, vol. 120, no 7, pp. 776 - 794.
10. Haitov R.M., Pinegin B.V. (2003) Sovremennye immunomodulyatory: osnovnye principy ih primeneniya [Modern immunomodulators: basic principles of their application]. Immunologiya, vol. 24, no 4, pp. 196-203.
11. Haitov R. M. (2005) Sovremennye immunomodulyatory: klassifikaciya, mekhanizm dejstviya [Modern immunomodulators: classification, action mechanism]. Rossijskij allergologicheskij zhurnal, no 4, pp. 30-35.
12. Haring M., Vestergaard G., Brugger K., Rachel R., Garrett R.A., Prangishvili D. (2005) Structure and genome organization of AFV2, a novel archaeal lipothrixvirus with unusual terminal and core structures. J. Bacteriol, vol. 187, pp. 3855-3858.
13. Hobrakova V. B. (2008) Rastitel'nye immunomodulyatory v korrekcii immunodeficitov [Vegetable immunomodulators in correction of immunodeficiencies]. Rossijskij allergologicheskij zhurnal, no 1, pp. 324-325.
14. Hoffman M.K., Watson J. (1989) Helper T cell replacing factors, secreted by thymus-derived cells and macrophages: cellular requirements for B cell activation and syngenistic properties. J. Immunol., vol. 122, no 4, pp. 1371-1375.
15. Jiang W., Liu Y., Zheng H., [et al] (2012) Immune regulation of avian influenza vaccine in hens using Hypericum perforatum L. methanol extraction. Plant Omics Journal. vol. 5 (1), pp. 40-45.
16. Jieldanjwski I. (1983) Immunostimulatory drugs ana endegenaus spleen colonies (CFCS). Arch. Immunol, no 5, pp. 349-352.
17. Klimov V.V., Kologrivova E.N., Cherevenko N.A. (2006), Immunnaya sistema i osnovnye formy immunopatologii [Immune system and main forms of an immunopathology]. Rostov-na-Donu: Feniks, 230 p.
18. Nores M.M., Nores M.M., Courreges M.C. (1997) Immunomodulatory activities of Cedrela lilloi and Trichilia elegans aqueous leaf extracts. J.Ethnopharmacol., vol. 55, no 2. pp. 99-106.
19. Pastushenkov L.V., Lesiovskaya E.E. (1995) Farmakoterapiya s osnovami fitoterapii [Pharmacotherapy with phytotherapy bases]. SPB, 340 p.
20. Petenkova A.A., Kovalenko R.I., Tsoy E.M. (2011) Influence of nitrogen-containing xenobiotics on migratory activity of leukocytes induced by catecholamines. International Journal on Immunohabilitation, vol. 13(1), no 9, pp. 66-69.
21. Sablin O. A., Mihajlov N. V., Yurin M. V. et al. (2012) Pervichnaya rezistentnost' Helicobacter pylori k antibiotikam [Primary resistance of Helicobacter pylori to antibiotics]. Ehksperimental'naya i klinicheskaya gastroehnterologiya, no 8, pp.18-23.
22. Sanz J.M., Escribano J.S., Martin E.R., Martin A.P. (2009) Primary and secondary immunodeficiencies. Medicine, - vol. 10, no 28. pp. 1909-1920.
23. Spalatin J., Hanson R.P., Beard P.D. (1970) The haemagglutination-elution pattern as a marker in characterizing Newcastle disease virus. Avian Dis, vol. 14, no 5, pp. 542-549.
24. Shivaprasad H. N. (2006) Preliminary immunomodulatory activities of the aqueous extract of Terminaba chebula. Pharm. Biol., vol. 44, no 1. pp. 32-34.
25. Tuzankina I. A. (2010) K voprosu diagnostiki immunopatologii [To a question of diagnostics of an immunopathology]. Medicinskaya immunologiya, vol. 12, no 6, pp. 485-496.
26. White B.T. (2008) Effects of temperature stress son grow the performance and bacon quality in grow-finish pigs house dattwo densities. Journal of Animal Science, vol.86, no.8. pp. 1789-1798.
References:
1. Байдаулет И. О. Фактор риска для здоровья населения в напряженных экологических условиях //Гигиена и санитария, – 2013. – №6. – С. 64-69.
2. Климов В.В., Кологривова Е.Н., Черевенко Н.А. Иммунная система и основные формы иммунопатологии. - Ростов-на-Дону: Феникс. – 2006. - 230 c.
3. Абрамов В.В. Интеграция иммунной и нервной систем. - Новосибирск: Наука. – 1991. - 450 c.
4. Пастушенков Л.В., Лесиевская Е.Е. Фармакотерапия с основами фитотерапии. - СПб, - 1995. - 340 c.
5. Хаитов R.M., Пинегин Б.В. Современные иммуномодуляторы: основные принципы их применения //Иммунология. – 2003. - Том. 24. - № 4. - С. 196-203.
6. Авдеева Е. В., Куркин В. А. Иммуномодулирующие фитопрепараты: стимулы и предложения //Ремедиум. – 2007. -№ 3. - С. 26-28.
7. Тузанкина И.А. К вопросу о диагностике иммунопатологии //Медицинская иммунология. – 2010. - Том. 12. - № 6. - С. 485-496.
8. Jieldanjwski I. Immunostimulatory drugs ana endegenaus spleen colonies (CFCS) //Arch. Immunol. – 1983. - № 5. - Р. 349-352.
9. Hoffman M.K., Watson J. Helper T cell replacing factors, secreted by thymus-derived cells and macrophages: cellular requirements for B cell activation and syngenistic properties //J. Immunol. – 1989. - Vol. 122. - № 4. - P. 1371-1375.
10. Nores M. M., Nores M. M., Courreges M. C. Immunomodulatory activities of Cedrela lilloi and Trichilia elegans aqueous leaf extracts //J.Ethnopharmacol. – 1997. - Vol. 55. - № 2. - Р. 99-106.
11. Sanz J. M., Escribano J.S., Martin E.R., Martin A.P. Primary and secondary immunodeficiencies //Medicine. – 2009. - Vol. 10. - № 28. - Р. 1909-1920.
12. Shivaprasad H. N. Preliminary immunomodulatory activities of the aqueous extract of Terminaba chebula //Pharm. Biol. - 2006. - Vol. 44. - № 1. - Р. 32-34.
13. Есимова И. Е., Новицкий В. В., Уразова О. И. Причины дисрегуляции иммунного ответа при туберкулезе легких: роль наружного исчисления иммунологической реактивности организма //Бюллетень сибирской медицины. - 2012. - № 4. - С. 93-98.
14. Саблин О. А., Михайлов Н. В., Юрин М. В. и др. Первичная резистентность Helicobacter pylori к антибактериальным препаратам //Экспериментальная и клиническая гастроэнтерология. – 2012. - № 8. - С. 18-23.
15. Черешнев К. В. Иммунология: учебник для вузов, - Москва: Центр стратегического партнерства. – 2014. - 360 с.
16. Jiang W., Liu Y., Zheng H., [et al.] Immune regulation of avian influenza vaccine in hens using Hypericum perforatum L. methanol extraction //Plant Omics Journal. - 2012. - Vol. 5 (1). - Р. 40-45.
17. Хобракова В. Б. Растительные иммуномодуляторы в коррекции иммунодефицитов //Российский аллергологический журнал. – 2008. - № 1. - С. 324-325.
18. Haring M., Vestergaard G., Brugger K., Rachel R., Garrett R.A., Prangishvili D. Structure and genome organization of AFV2, a novel archaeal lipothrixvirus with unusual terminal and core structures // J. Bacteriol. – 2005. -Vol. 187. - Р. 3855-3858.
19. White B.T. Effects of temperature stress son grow the performance and bacon quality in grow-finish pigs house dattwo densities //Journal of Animal Science. – 2008. -Vol.86. - №.8. - P. 1789-1798.
20. Geha R. S., Notarangelo L. D., Casanova J. L. [et all.] Primary immunodeficiency diseases: an update from the International Union of Immunological Societies Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases Classification Committee //J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. – 2007. - Vol. 120. - № 7. - P. 776 - 794.
21. Spalatin J., Hanson R.P., Beard P.D. The haemagglutination-elution pattern as a marker in characterizing Newcastle disease virus //Avian Dis. – 1970. - Vol. 14. - №.5. - P. 542-549.
22. Duran A.E., Muniesa M., Mendez X., Valero F., Lucena F., Jofre J. Removal and inactivation of indicator bacteriophages in fresh waters //Journal of Applied Microbiology. – 2002. - Vol. 92. - P. 338-347.
23. Bettstetter M., Peng X., Garrett R.A., Prangishvili D. AFV1, a novel virus infecting hyperthermophilic archaea of the genus Acidianus //Virology. – 2003. - Vol. 315. - P. 68-79.
24. Хаитов Р. М. Современные иммуномодуляторы: классификация, механизм действия //Российский аллергологический журнал. – 2005. - № 4. - С. 30-35.
25. Petenkova A.A., Kovalenko R.I., Tsoy E.M. Influence of nitrogen-containing xenobiotics on migratory activity of leukocytes induced by catecholamines //International Journal on Immunohabilitation. -2011. - Vol. 13(1). - № 9. - Р. 66-69.
26. Аблайханова Н.Т., Тусупбекова Г.А., Аблайханова Нурзат. Гематологические показатели крови у животных при действии иммуностимулирующего препарата "Сапанокс-иммуно+"//Евразийский союз ученых. - 2016. - Том 23. - № 3. - С. 104-106.
2. Ablajhanova N.T., Tusupbekova G.A., Ablajhanova Nurzat (2016) Gematologicheskie pokazateli krovi u zhivotnyh pri dejstvii immunostimuliruyushchego preparata «Sapanoks-immuno+» [Hematologic indicators of blood at animals at effect of Sapanoks-immuno + immunoperformance-enhancing drug]. Evrazijskij soyuz uchenyh, vol. 23, no 3, pp. 104-106.
3. Avdeeva E. V., Kurkin V. A. (2007) Immunomoduliruyushchie fitopreparaty: spros i predlozheniya [Immunomodulatory phytomedicines: demand and offers]. Remedium, no 3, pp. 26-28.
4. Bajdaulet I. O. (2013) Faktory riska dlya zdorov'ya naseleniya v napryazhennyh ehkologicheskih usloviyah zagryazneniya [Risk factors for health of the population in intense ecological conditions of pollution]. Gigiena i sanitariya, no 6, pp.64-69.
5. Bettstetter M., Peng X., Garrett R.A., Prangishvili D. (2003) AFV1, a novel virus infecting hyperthermophilic archaea of the genus Acidianus. Virology, vol. 315, pp. 68-79.
6. Chereshnev K. V. (2014) Immunologiya: uchebnik dlya vuzov [Immunology: the textbook for higher education institutions], Moskva: Centr strategicheskogo partnerstva, 360 р.
7. Duran A.E., Muniesa M., Mendez X., Valero F., Lucena F., Jofre J. (2002) Removal and inactivation of indicator bacteriophages in fresh waters. Journal of Applied Microbiology, vol. 92, pp. 338-347.
8. Esimova I. E., Novickij V. V., Urazova O. I. (2012) Prichiny disregulyacii immunnogo otveta pri tuberkuleze legkih: rol' narushenij iskhodnogo sostoyaniya immunologicheskoj reaktivnosti organizma [The reasons of a disregulyation of the immune answer at tuberculosis of lungs: role of violations of an initial condition of immunological reactivity of an organism]. Byulleten' sibirskoj mediciny, no 4, pp. 93-98.
9. Geha R. S., Notarangelo L. D., Casanova J. L. [et all.] (2007) Primary immunodeficiency diseases: an update from the International Union of Immunological Societies Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases Classification Committee. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol, vol. 120, no 7, pp. 776 - 794.
10. Haitov R.M., Pinegin B.V. (2003) Sovremennye immunomodulyatory: osnovnye principy ih primeneniya [Modern immunomodulators: basic principles of their application]. Immunologiya, vol. 24, no 4, pp. 196-203.
11. Haitov R. M. (2005) Sovremennye immunomodulyatory: klassifikaciya, mekhanizm dejstviya [Modern immunomodulators: classification, action mechanism]. Rossijskij allergologicheskij zhurnal, no 4, pp. 30-35.
12. Haring M., Vestergaard G., Brugger K., Rachel R., Garrett R.A., Prangishvili D. (2005) Structure and genome organization of AFV2, a novel archaeal lipothrixvirus with unusual terminal and core structures. J. Bacteriol, vol. 187, pp. 3855-3858.
13. Hobrakova V. B. (2008) Rastitel'nye immunomodulyatory v korrekcii immunodeficitov [Vegetable immunomodulators in correction of immunodeficiencies]. Rossijskij allergologicheskij zhurnal, no 1, pp. 324-325.
14. Hoffman M.K., Watson J. (1989) Helper T cell replacing factors, secreted by thymus-derived cells and macrophages: cellular requirements for B cell activation and syngenistic properties. J. Immunol., vol. 122, no 4, pp. 1371-1375.
15. Jiang W., Liu Y., Zheng H., [et al] (2012) Immune regulation of avian influenza vaccine in hens using Hypericum perforatum L. methanol extraction. Plant Omics Journal. vol. 5 (1), pp. 40-45.
16. Jieldanjwski I. (1983) Immunostimulatory drugs ana endegenaus spleen colonies (CFCS). Arch. Immunol, no 5, pp. 349-352.
17. Klimov V.V., Kologrivova E.N., Cherevenko N.A. (2006), Immunnaya sistema i osnovnye formy immunopatologii [Immune system and main forms of an immunopathology]. Rostov-na-Donu: Feniks, 230 p.
18. Nores M.M., Nores M.M., Courreges M.C. (1997) Immunomodulatory activities of Cedrela lilloi and Trichilia elegans aqueous leaf extracts. J.Ethnopharmacol., vol. 55, no 2. pp. 99-106.
19. Pastushenkov L.V., Lesiovskaya E.E. (1995) Farmakoterapiya s osnovami fitoterapii [Pharmacotherapy with phytotherapy bases]. SPB, 340 p.
20. Petenkova A.A., Kovalenko R.I., Tsoy E.M. (2011) Influence of nitrogen-containing xenobiotics on migratory activity of leukocytes induced by catecholamines. International Journal on Immunohabilitation, vol. 13(1), no 9, pp. 66-69.
21. Sablin O. A., Mihajlov N. V., Yurin M. V. et al. (2012) Pervichnaya rezistentnost' Helicobacter pylori k antibiotikam [Primary resistance of Helicobacter pylori to antibiotics]. Ehksperimental'naya i klinicheskaya gastroehnterologiya, no 8, pp.18-23.
22. Sanz J.M., Escribano J.S., Martin E.R., Martin A.P. (2009) Primary and secondary immunodeficiencies. Medicine, - vol. 10, no 28. pp. 1909-1920.
23. Spalatin J., Hanson R.P., Beard P.D. (1970) The haemagglutination-elution pattern as a marker in characterizing Newcastle disease virus. Avian Dis, vol. 14, no 5, pp. 542-549.
24. Shivaprasad H. N. (2006) Preliminary immunomodulatory activities of the aqueous extract of Terminaba chebula. Pharm. Biol., vol. 44, no 1. pp. 32-34.
25. Tuzankina I. A. (2010) K voprosu diagnostiki immunopatologii [To a question of diagnostics of an immunopathology]. Medicinskaya immunologiya, vol. 12, no 6, pp. 485-496.
26. White B.T. (2008) Effects of temperature stress son grow the performance and bacon quality in grow-finish pigs house dattwo densities. Journal of Animal Science, vol.86, no.8. pp. 1789-1798.
References:
1. Байдаулет И. О. Фактор риска для здоровья населения в напряженных экологических условиях //Гигиена и санитария, – 2013. – №6. – С. 64-69.
2. Климов В.В., Кологривова Е.Н., Черевенко Н.А. Иммунная система и основные формы иммунопатологии. - Ростов-на-Дону: Феникс. – 2006. - 230 c.
3. Абрамов В.В. Интеграция иммунной и нервной систем. - Новосибирск: Наука. – 1991. - 450 c.
4. Пастушенков Л.В., Лесиевская Е.Е. Фармакотерапия с основами фитотерапии. - СПб, - 1995. - 340 c.
5. Хаитов R.M., Пинегин Б.В. Современные иммуномодуляторы: основные принципы их применения //Иммунология. – 2003. - Том. 24. - № 4. - С. 196-203.
6. Авдеева Е. В., Куркин В. А. Иммуномодулирующие фитопрепараты: стимулы и предложения //Ремедиум. – 2007. -№ 3. - С. 26-28.
7. Тузанкина И.А. К вопросу о диагностике иммунопатологии //Медицинская иммунология. – 2010. - Том. 12. - № 6. - С. 485-496.
8. Jieldanjwski I. Immunostimulatory drugs ana endegenaus spleen colonies (CFCS) //Arch. Immunol. – 1983. - № 5. - Р. 349-352.
9. Hoffman M.K., Watson J. Helper T cell replacing factors, secreted by thymus-derived cells and macrophages: cellular requirements for B cell activation and syngenistic properties //J. Immunol. – 1989. - Vol. 122. - № 4. - P. 1371-1375.
10. Nores M. M., Nores M. M., Courreges M. C. Immunomodulatory activities of Cedrela lilloi and Trichilia elegans aqueous leaf extracts //J.Ethnopharmacol. – 1997. - Vol. 55. - № 2. - Р. 99-106.
11. Sanz J. M., Escribano J.S., Martin E.R., Martin A.P. Primary and secondary immunodeficiencies //Medicine. – 2009. - Vol. 10. - № 28. - Р. 1909-1920.
12. Shivaprasad H. N. Preliminary immunomodulatory activities of the aqueous extract of Terminaba chebula //Pharm. Biol. - 2006. - Vol. 44. - № 1. - Р. 32-34.
13. Есимова И. Е., Новицкий В. В., Уразова О. И. Причины дисрегуляции иммунного ответа при туберкулезе легких: роль наружного исчисления иммунологической реактивности организма //Бюллетень сибирской медицины. - 2012. - № 4. - С. 93-98.
14. Саблин О. А., Михайлов Н. В., Юрин М. В. и др. Первичная резистентность Helicobacter pylori к антибактериальным препаратам //Экспериментальная и клиническая гастроэнтерология. – 2012. - № 8. - С. 18-23.
15. Черешнев К. В. Иммунология: учебник для вузов, - Москва: Центр стратегического партнерства. – 2014. - 360 с.
16. Jiang W., Liu Y., Zheng H., [et al.] Immune regulation of avian influenza vaccine in hens using Hypericum perforatum L. methanol extraction //Plant Omics Journal. - 2012. - Vol. 5 (1). - Р. 40-45.
17. Хобракова В. Б. Растительные иммуномодуляторы в коррекции иммунодефицитов //Российский аллергологический журнал. – 2008. - № 1. - С. 324-325.
18. Haring M., Vestergaard G., Brugger K., Rachel R., Garrett R.A., Prangishvili D. Structure and genome organization of AFV2, a novel archaeal lipothrixvirus with unusual terminal and core structures // J. Bacteriol. – 2005. -Vol. 187. - Р. 3855-3858.
19. White B.T. Effects of temperature stress son grow the performance and bacon quality in grow-finish pigs house dattwo densities //Journal of Animal Science. – 2008. -Vol.86. - №.8. - P. 1789-1798.
20. Geha R. S., Notarangelo L. D., Casanova J. L. [et all.] Primary immunodeficiency diseases: an update from the International Union of Immunological Societies Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases Classification Committee //J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. – 2007. - Vol. 120. - № 7. - P. 776 - 794.
21. Spalatin J., Hanson R.P., Beard P.D. The haemagglutination-elution pattern as a marker in characterizing Newcastle disease virus //Avian Dis. – 1970. - Vol. 14. - №.5. - P. 542-549.
22. Duran A.E., Muniesa M., Mendez X., Valero F., Lucena F., Jofre J. Removal and inactivation of indicator bacteriophages in fresh waters //Journal of Applied Microbiology. – 2002. - Vol. 92. - P. 338-347.
23. Bettstetter M., Peng X., Garrett R.A., Prangishvili D. AFV1, a novel virus infecting hyperthermophilic archaea of the genus Acidianus //Virology. – 2003. - Vol. 315. - P. 68-79.
24. Хаитов Р. М. Современные иммуномодуляторы: классификация, механизм действия //Российский аллергологический журнал. – 2005. - № 4. - С. 30-35.
25. Petenkova A.A., Kovalenko R.I., Tsoy E.M. Influence of nitrogen-containing xenobiotics on migratory activity of leukocytes induced by catecholamines //International Journal on Immunohabilitation. -2011. - Vol. 13(1). - № 9. - Р. 66-69.
26. Аблайханова Н.Т., Тусупбекова Г.А., Аблайханова Нурзат. Гематологические показатели крови у животных при действии иммуностимулирующего препарата "Сапанокс-иммуно+"//Евразийский союз ученых. - 2016. - Том 23. - № 3. - С. 104-106.
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2018-08-17
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HUMAN AND ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY
