BIOTECHNOLOGY: ACHIEVEMENTS AND CONSEQUENCES
Ключевые слова:
биотехнология,Аннотация
Разработка новых биологических средств во второй половине XX века дает огромные возможности для генной инженерии и создания новых организмов с желательными характеристиками. Появились новые горизонты для сельского хозяйства, медицины и в экологической области. Более 20 лет прошло с тех пор, когда первые генетически модифицированные организмы были посажены, в конце 1980-х в Канаде и США. В данной статье мы анализируем достижения и последствия применения биотехнологии в сельском хозяйстве и экологической области. ХХ ғасырдың екінші жартысындағы жаңа биологиялық қосылыстарды жасау технологияларының дамуы гендік инженерия үшін жəне қажетті белгілерімен ерекшеленетін организмдерді дүниеге келтіруге үлкен мүмкіндіктер береді. Ауыл шаруашылығы, медицина жəне экология салалары үшін жаңа белестер ашылды. 1980 жылдардың соңында Канада мен АҚШ-та, генетикалық жетілдірілген алғашқы организмдердің алынғанынан бері 20 жылдан астам уақыт өтті. Аталмыш мақалада ауыл шаруашылығы мен экология салаларына биотехнологияның жетістіктерінің əсері мен оларды қолданудың салдары қарастырылады.Библиографические ссылки
1. K.Roseboro. Opposition grows to “Agent Orange” GM corn. The Organic and Non-GMO Report. February 1, 2012
2. Stop Agent Orange Frankencorn! See: http://www.organicconsumers.org/gelink.cfm
3. M. Pollan. “Playing God In the Garden”, The New York Times of October 25, 1998., p.4.
4. K. Roseboro. Study says insecticide used with GM corn highly toxic to bees. February 1, 2012. See: http://www.nongmoreport.
com/articles/february2012/insecticideforGMcorntoxicbees.php
5. See: http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/campaigns/agriculture/problem/genetic-engineering/
6. The Supplemental Information "Points to Consider for Safety Evaluation of Genetically Modified Foods" of the Division of Food Chemistry and Technology and Division of Contaminants Chemistry (1991)
7. G.B. Guest. Memorandum to Dr. James Maryanski, Biotechnology Coordinator. Subject: "Regulation of Transgenic Plants - FDA Draft Federal Register Notice on Food Biotechnology", February 5, 1992.
8. G. Wald “The Case Against Genetic Engineering” in The Recombinant DNA Debate, Jackson and Stich, eds. P. 127-128 (Reprinted from The Sciences, Sept./Oct. 1976 issue)
9. M.Pollan. “Playing God In the Garden”, The New York Times of October 25, 1998., p.6.
10. P. Angell. The New York Times of November 15, 1998.
11. Monsanto, World's Largest Genetically Modified Food Producer, To Be Charged With Biopiracy In India. December 3, 2011. See: http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2011/10/03/monsanto-india-biopiracy-farmers_n_992259.html
12. China says ‘no’ to genetically engineered rice. January 31, 2012. See:
http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/news/features/China-says-no-to-genetically-engineered-rice/
13. M. A. Altieri and P.Rosset. Ten Reasons Why Biotechnology Will Not Ensure Food Security, Protect The Environment, And Reduce Poverty In The Developing World. The J. Agrobiotechnology and Economics. V 2, Number 3-4, Article 3. See:
http://www.agbioforum.org/v2n34/v2n34a03-altieri.htm
14. Germany Bars Genetically Modified Corn. The New York Times. April 14, 2009.
15. France upholds ban on Monsanto GM maize. February 13, 2012. See: http:// www.reuters.com/article/2012/01/13/france-monsanto-idUSL6E8CD4GK20120113
16. ScienceDaily (Jan. 6, 2008). See: http:// www.sciencedaily.com/releases /2008/01/080106202952.htm
17. http://biomasshub.com/knowledge-center/topic-guides/algae-biofuel/
18. Martins V.A.P. "Genomic Insights into Oil Biodegradation in Marine Systems". Microbial Biodegradation: Genomics and Molecular Biology. (2008). Caister Academic Press.
2. Stop Agent Orange Frankencorn! See: http://www.organicconsumers.org/gelink.cfm
3. M. Pollan. “Playing God In the Garden”, The New York Times of October 25, 1998., p.4.
4. K. Roseboro. Study says insecticide used with GM corn highly toxic to bees. February 1, 2012. See: http://www.nongmoreport.
com/articles/february2012/insecticideforGMcorntoxicbees.php
5. See: http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/campaigns/agriculture/problem/genetic-engineering/
6. The Supplemental Information "Points to Consider for Safety Evaluation of Genetically Modified Foods" of the Division of Food Chemistry and Technology and Division of Contaminants Chemistry (1991)
7. G.B. Guest. Memorandum to Dr. James Maryanski, Biotechnology Coordinator. Subject: "Regulation of Transgenic Plants - FDA Draft Federal Register Notice on Food Biotechnology", February 5, 1992.
8. G. Wald “The Case Against Genetic Engineering” in The Recombinant DNA Debate, Jackson and Stich, eds. P. 127-128 (Reprinted from The Sciences, Sept./Oct. 1976 issue)
9. M.Pollan. “Playing God In the Garden”, The New York Times of October 25, 1998., p.6.
10. P. Angell. The New York Times of November 15, 1998.
11. Monsanto, World's Largest Genetically Modified Food Producer, To Be Charged With Biopiracy In India. December 3, 2011. See: http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2011/10/03/monsanto-india-biopiracy-farmers_n_992259.html
12. China says ‘no’ to genetically engineered rice. January 31, 2012. See:
http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/news/features/China-says-no-to-genetically-engineered-rice/
13. M. A. Altieri and P.Rosset. Ten Reasons Why Biotechnology Will Not Ensure Food Security, Protect The Environment, And Reduce Poverty In The Developing World. The J. Agrobiotechnology and Economics. V 2, Number 3-4, Article 3. See:
http://www.agbioforum.org/v2n34/v2n34a03-altieri.htm
14. Germany Bars Genetically Modified Corn. The New York Times. April 14, 2009.
15. France upholds ban on Monsanto GM maize. February 13, 2012. See: http:// www.reuters.com/article/2012/01/13/france-monsanto-idUSL6E8CD4GK20120113
16. ScienceDaily (Jan. 6, 2008). See: http:// www.sciencedaily.com/releases /2008/01/080106202952.htm
17. http://biomasshub.com/knowledge-center/topic-guides/algae-biofuel/
18. Martins V.A.P. "Genomic Insights into Oil Biodegradation in Marine Systems". Microbial Biodegradation: Genomics and Molecular Biology. (2008). Caister Academic Press.
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