Experimental Biology

INSIGHTS INTO THE PREVALENCE AND TRANSMISSION DYNAMICS OF INFLUENZA D VIRUS AMONG MAMMALS: A MINI REVIEW

2025-03-31T11:04:37+00:00

Influenza D Virus [IDV], a recently recognized member of the Orthomyxoviridae family, has attracted substantial scientific scrutiny due to its extensive host tropism, pronounced genetic heterogeneity, and potential zoonotic ramifications. Initially isolated from bovines, IDV has subsequently been identified in a diverse array of mammalian species, raising pivotal concerns regarding its epidemiological footprint, adaptive molecular evolution, and cross-species transmissibility. This mini-review aims to delineate the epidemiological distribution of IDV across mammalian hosts, elucidate its transmission dynamics, and evaluate its broader implications for both veterinary and public health sectors. A comprehensive examination of the extant literature was undertaken, with a focus on molecular epidemiology, host range plasticity, viral phylogenetics, and interspecies transmission modalities. The findings reveal that IDV predominantly circulates within cattle populations, with sporadic detections in swine, small ruminants, camelids, and, occasionally, humans. The primary modes of transmission include direct exposure to respiratory secretions, aerosolized dissemination, and fomite-mediated indirect spread...

MICROBIAL EXOPOLYSACCHARIDE-BASED HYDROGELS FOR BURN WOUND HEALING

2025-03-31T09:38:53+00:00

This review examines innovative approaches to the treatment of burn injuries through the use of microbial polysaccharides, highlighting their unique properties such as wound infection prevention, moisture retention, and acceleration of tissue regeneration. The development of novel, natural-based pharmaceutical formulations in a patient-friendly dosage form is necessitated by the complexity and high cost of burn treatment, which, in severe cases, may result in fatal outcomes.

An analysis of the pharmaceutical market in Kazakhstan reveals a shortage of multifunctional anti-burn drugs and a limited utilization of natural-origin active compounds (17.6% natural components, 82.4% synthetic components). Hydrogels, as a dosage form, offer notable advantages due to their unique physicochemical properties. They maintain a moist wound environment, regulate the release of active substances, ensure direct contact with the injured area, and act as a protective barrier against infection.

Microbial polysaccharides, owing to their ability to form three-dimensional network structures, are particularly promising as a foundational material for hydrogels. A detailed examination of the composition and properties of hydrogels based on microbial polysaccharides underscores the potential of biopolymeric compounds in the development of accessible and effective wound-healing formulations. ...

EFFECT OF CD ON PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES OF PLANTS

2024-11-14T10:54:59+00:00

This review focuses on the issue of cadmium contamination in agricultural lands, a significant concern in many developing countries, including Kazakhstan. Such contamination is primarily linked to the growth of heavy industries in mining regions, soil pollution from metallurgical plants, emissions from vehicles, and the widespread use of phosphorus fertilizers and pesticides containing cadmium. Heavy metals tend to accumulate around large industrial hubs, contaminating soil, water, and plants. These metals can then enter the food chain via forage plants, affecting animals and humans. Even small amounts of cadmium in the soil can reduce crop yields, inhibit plant growth, and disrupt physiological and biochemical processes. Therefore, it is essential to study how cadmium impacts plants and explore strategies to enhance plant resistance to this metal. This review examines the effects of heavy metals, particularly cadmium, on plant pollution, its accumulation in plant tissues, and its toxic impact on plant growth...

IN VIVO TOXICITY OF THE MEDICINAL SUBSTANCE ROSEOFUNGIN

2025-03-31T10:56:24+00:00

The article presents the results of in vivo studies on the determination of the average LD₅₀ dose and toxicity class of a new drug substance, polyene antibiotic Roseofungin. Roseofungin is a carbonyl-conjugated pentaene that inhibits the growth of trichophytosis, microsporia, favus, candidiasis, cryptococcosis, sporotrichosis, chromomycosis, aspergillosis and other human mycosis pathogens. Acute toxicity of the drug substance Roseofungin was studied by a single oral administration of solutions of the substance Roseofungin in doses of 50 mg/kg; 300 mg/kg; 1000 mg/kg and 2000 mg/kg of animal weight to outbred mice of four experimental groups in the amount of 20 animals, weighing 20 g ± 10%. Biological reactivity and death of animals was not observed in any of the groups during 14 days of observation. After 14 days of observation, the animals were euthanised, autopsied and macroscopied. No pathological changes of internal organs of animals in all studied groups were revealed. ...

CURRENT STATE OF THE ICHTHYOFAUNA OF THE KAZAKH PART OF THE AKSU RIVER (SHU RIVER BASIN, KAZAKHSTAN)

2025-03-31T10:39:30+00:00

The study of the ichthyofauna of transboundary rivers plays a key role in the conservation of ecosystems, sustainable management of fish resources, and restoration of their populations. These studies help to develop effective measures for the protection of fish species, prevent their depletion, and ensure the harmonious coexistence of ecosystems and human activities. The article presents such information as the main hydrochemical characteristics of the Kazakh part of the Aksu River, the diversity of its ichthyofauna, the frequency of occurrence of species in different areas, diversity indices, and similarity indices. According to ichthyological studies conducted in 2023-2024, the taxonomic composition of the Aksu River was 9 species. Of these, 3 species are native, 6 are alien. Native species: roach Rutilus lacustris (Pallas, 1814), freshwater bream Abramis brama orientalis Berg, 1949, turkestan gudgeon Gobio lepidolaemus (Kessler 1872). Alien species: stone moroko Pseudorasbora parva (Temminck et Schlegel, 1846), prussian carp ...

MONITORING OF BOVINE LEUKEMIA VIRUS IN KAZAKHSTAN: ANALYSIS OF SEROLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTIC METHODS

2025-03-31T10:19:45+00:00

Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) poses a significant threat to livestock farming in Kazakhstan. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the prevalence of BLV based on data from 2024, obtained using serological and molecular diagnostic methods. The sensitivity and specificity of agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were evaluated. Serological methods demonstrated a high seroprevalence of BLV among animals, with ELISA showing greater sensitivity compared to AGID, confirmed by statistically significant results (p < 0.05). RT-PCR identified fewer active infections, indicating the latent nature of the disease in many infected animals. The correlation coefficient between AGID and RT-PCR was 0.791 (p = 0.011), indicating a high degree of concordance between these methods. However, the correlation between ELISA and RT-PCR was weaker (r = 0.461, p = 0.212), highlighting the difference in the diagnostic nature of these tests. ...

COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION OF MISCIBLE GAS INJECTION METHODS FOR ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY AND CO2 EMISSIONS MANAGEMENT: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF EFFICIENCY AND SUSTAINABILITY

2025-04-01T07:02:15+00:00

This study presents a comprehensive investigation into the effectiveness of gas-based enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques using CO₂, nitrogen, and hydrocarbon mixtures. To assess the minimum miscibility pressure (MMP), both theoretical calculations (PVTi analysis) and slim tube test simulations were employed, revealing significant discrepancies between the methods, particularly for CO₂ and ethane-containing mixtures. The results demonstrated that CO₂ and the hydrocarbon mixture CH₄–C₃H₈ exhibit the most favorable miscibility characteristics, enabling an optimal balance between technological efficiency and practical feasibility. Additionally, CO₂ demonstrated significant environmental benefits due to its potential for long-term storage in reservoirs as part of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies.

To quantitatively evaluate the efficiency of the injectants, an integrated hydrodynamic model was developed using the Petrel – ECLIPSE 300 coupling, which accounted for reservoir filtration-capacity properties and fracture systems. The simulation results confirmed the superiority of CO₂ and hydrocarbon mixtures in terms of oil recovery and ...

INFLUENCE OF PHOSPHORUS PRODUCTION WASTE ON THE LIFE ACTIVITY OF SOIL FAUNA

2025-03-31T10:36:24+00:00

The study examines the negative impact of emissions from a phosphorus plant located near the city of Taraz in the Zhambyl region on the ecological functions of soils, including the activity of soil fauna as a bioindicator, compared to soils in the region 10 km away from the plant. Soil fauna plays an important role in the formation of soil properties, such as its fertility, humification and mineralization of plant residues, as well as changes in the salt regime and soil reaction, which improves its physicochemical characteristics. In addition, the activity of soil animals contributes to the formation of a granular soil structure, which makes it more resistant to environmental influences. The study examined the species Isotoma, Folsomia, Onychinus, Hypogastrura, represented in the Collembola (long-legged insects), as part of the soil fauna. It was revealed that the Onychinus species is most often found in the sandstone layer at depths ...

INFLUENCE OF REGULATORY FACTORS ON BIOMORPHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT STEVIA REBAUDIANA IN VITRO

2025-03-31T10:46:17+00:00

The paper presents new data on the influence of regulatory factors on the biomorphological development of Stevia rebaudiana plants, which are widely cultivated worldwide for the production of natural sweeteners. Stevia has attracted attention due to its non-toxicity, biological activity and lack of harmful effects. In order to develop disease resistant stevia varieties with desirable traits along with traditional breeding, biotechnological approaches are being actively developed. Research on stevia cultivation is gaining importance in the context of its potential as a safer alternative to synthetic sweeteners derived from sugars with negative health effects and in the treatment of chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus. The studies conducted revealed important factors determining the effectiveness of growth regulators on the morphogenesis of S. rebaudiana. The paper presents biotechnological methods, including in vitro micropropagation, which offer opportunities for large-scale production, development of new varieties and conservation of valuable genotypes. ...

DESCRIPTION OF THERMOPHILIC BACTERIA WITH KERATINASE ACTIVITY FROM TWO HOT SPRINGS IN ALMATY REGION

2025-03-31T10:52:45+00:00

Keratin is an insoluble protein resistant to the degradation by many proteolytic enzymes. Among all poultry
waste, feathers and down are of particular interest, as they contain about 65% feed protein (specialized protein—
keratin). Biotechnological methods are considered economical and environmentally friendly, making microbial
keratinolytic hydrolysis an optimal alternative for enhancing the nutritional value of feather waste. This study provides
general information about keratinases produced by microorganisms with keratinolytic activity. Keratinolytic bacteria were isolated from eight isolates obtained from the hot springs of Kerimagas and Nurly-Arasan, located in the Almaty region of Kazakhstan. Two isolates (Kh5 and Nh2) showing relatively high activity were selected, and their crude keratinase activity was partially characterized. The Kh5 isolate demonstrated the highest keratinolytic activity. In the study of crude keratinase under various pH and temperature conditions, it was observed that the Kh5 isolate was most active at pH 5.5, while the Nh2 ...

DISTRIBUTION OF LAETIPORUS SULPHUREUS (BULL.) MURRILL IN FOREST COMMUNITIES OF THE URAL RIVER VALLEY WITHIN THE WEST KAZAKHSTAN REGION

2025-03-27T10:41:35+00:00

This study examines the distribution and ecological characteristics of Laetiporus sulphureus (Bull.) Murrill in the forest communities of the Ural River valley in the West Kazakhstan region. This fungus, possessing both parasitic and saprotrophic properties, plays a crucial role in the nutrient cycle by decomposing lignin in the wood of deciduous trees.

Based on a comprehensive geobotanical and mycological analysis conducted during field studies from 2019 to 2024, it has been determined that L.sulphureus is present across a wide range of forest communities, including elm, willow, poplar, aspen, alder, and oak forests. A strong association between the fungus and tree species such as Quercus robur, Salix alba, and Populus alba has been observed.

The results of the study highlight the high ecological plasticity of L. sulphureus, enabling it to effectively adapt to various types of forest communities. ...

DENDROCHRONOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF SCOTS PINE IN THE BAYANAUL NATIONAL PARK

2025-03-31T09:25:26+00:00

Radial tree growth is a complex indicator that allows tracking changes in tree condition throughout their lifetime while accounting for climatic factors. Dendrochronological studies of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) provide valuable insights into the relationship between climate and growth, as well as regional differences. In the arid conditions of the forest-steppe zone of Northeastern Kazakhstan, within the Bayanaul State National Natural Park, an analysis of the relationship between the radial growth of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and key climatic variables, such as air temperature and precipitation, was conducted. The LINTAB VI device was used to measure the width of annual rings. The calendar year of each ring was determined using the TsapWin computer program using the CrossDating method. The accuracy of the cross-dating was checked using cross-correlation analysis in the specialized COFEHA computer program. ...

TO THE QUESTION OF SEED GERMINATION OF A RARE AND ENDEMIC SPECIES OF THE ILE-BALKHASH REGION ROSA ILIENSIS Chrshan.

2025-03-31T09:47:46+00:00

The present study aimed to investigate the seed germination of a rare and endemic species Rosa iliensis Chrshan., collected in the floodplain of the Ili River in Balkhash district of Almaty region. The effects of seed pre-treatment like cold stratification and seed germination conditions were investigated using conventional germination methods.

R.iliensis fruits from natural populations were collected in mid-August 2024, then were dried for 2 weeks, and stored in paper bags at a temperature of +4℃. The fruits contained from 12 to 22 seeds depending on the fruit size. The seeds color is pale yellow. The average length (3.4±0.4 mm) and width (1.7±0.2 mm) were measured, and the weight of 1000 pieces of seeds (4.66 g) was determined on the seed analyzer MARViN ProLine II. To determine the duration of cold stratification, R.iliensis seeds were treated with a weak solution of bleach "Belizna" 1:1 for 20 minutes...

COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF THE PLANT RAW MATERIAL PULMONARIA MOLLIS WULFEN EX HORNEM (BORAGINACEAE JUSS)

2025-03-31T10:07:18+00:00

Studiеs оf mеdicinal flоra fоr thе presence of new biologically important components and identification of potentially significant plant species, occupy a special niche in the development of drugs based on plant raw materials. In official medicine, medicinal plants are increasingly used and prioritized in the treatment and prevention of many diseases [1]. Long-term studies of medicinal plants have shown that extracts from them have low toxicity and exhibit therapeutic properties, and the variety of biologically active substances provides a wide range of pharmacological actions of plant preparations. Based on literature data, Pulmonaria mollis is rich in polyphenolic compounds, glycosides (rosmarinic acid), naphthaquinones, terpenes, heterocyclic compounds – allantoin, and many of them have pronounced antioxidant, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activity. A comprehensive study was conducted on the aboveground part of Pulmonaria mollis Wulfen ex Hornem., growing in the Alakol District of the Zhetysu Region, Republic of Kazakhstan. The content of biogenic ...

FEATURES OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF ALTITUDINAL-BELT VEGETATION OF THE UZYNKARA (KETPEN) RIDGE

2025-03-31T10:13:41+00:00

The article shows the results of the Uzynkara (Ketpen) range vegetation studies during route and semi-stationary studies. The article presents the analysis of the Uzynkara ridge vegetation on specific profiles and summarizes all available data on the patterns of altitudinal zonality of vegetation. The flora of the territory we studied is comparatively rich and includes 1890 species of higher vascular plants belonging to 120 families and 596 genera. About 67.8% of the entire flora are perennial herbaceous hemicryptophytes. A very large proportion (more than 21%) are summer-green biennials (annuals and biennials) - therophytes, i.e. plants with an accelerated development cycle. This feature - the abundance of annuals and biennials and the presence of a large number of ephemerals and ephemeroids - is characteristic of the mountain flora of the entire Middle Asia. In this territory, we have identified the following altitudinal zonality zones, each with its own specific type ...