The journal "Experimental biology" was founded in 1992. Its founder and publisher is Al-Farabi Kazakh National University. The journal "KazNU Herald. Biological Series" is a peer-reviewed, open-access scientific journal focused on publishing original research and review articles on current issues in fundamental and applied biology. The journal serves as a scientific platform for researchers, educators, and specialists to present theoretical, experimental, and methodological research that contributes to the development of biological science. The journal is published four times per year. The journal adheres to the principles of information openness and accessibility, providing full-text access to articles on the journal's official website in three languages. The journal "KazNU Herald. Biological Series" adheres to high peer-review standards, strict editorial requirements, and a strong commitment to open access to knowledge, ensuring the accessibility and integrity of published research. All journal articles are registered in the CrossRef database, and each published work is assigned a DOI (Digital Object Identifier), ensuring correct citation, referencing, and access to electronic versions of publications. Initial review: approximately 2 weeks from article acceptance. Review policy: double-blind review. Average review time: 8-14 weeks. Acceptance rate: 20%. Indexing and Participation CrossRef Digital Object Identifier (DOI) Science and Higher Education Quality Assurance Committee of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan (SHEQAC MSHE RK) JSC National Center of Science and Technological Evaluation (NCSTE) Russian Science Citation Index (RSCI) CiteFactor WorldCat EBSCO ROAD Goals and Objectives of the Journal The purpose of the journal is to provide potential and interested parties with information about the results of scientific research and promising research projects. Objectives of the journal: Provide a forum for the exchange of opinions and results of both theoretical and experimental research in all areas of biology; Provide authors with high-quality editorial and publishing services; Ensure broad dissemination of new ideas and research results at the international level; Combine scientific achievements with practical experience. Scope of the Journal In the journal "Vestnik KazNU. The "Biological Series" journal covers fundamental and applied research on current issues in biology, and articles are published in the following subject areas: Botany; Biotechnology; Biochemistry; Plant Physiology; Genetics and Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Biophysics; Human and Animal Physiology; Zoology and Ichthyology; Cytology and Histology; Microbiology and Virology. Why publish in the journal "KazNU Bulletin. Biological Series"? An international editorial board – comprising experts from various countries, including leading Kazakhstani scientists, ensures a diverse and high-quality peer review process. Strict peer review – using a double-blind peer review system with at least two independent reviewers for each manuscript. The Platinum Open Access model (no publication fee) provides free access to all content for the global scientific community. Digital archiving ensures the long-term preservation of all published content in secure digital repositories. Accuracy and reliability of scientific data – a priority is given to publishing results confirmed experimentally, using modern methods of analysis and statistical processing, ensuring the reliability and reproducibility of conclusions. Open Access and Publication Fees The journal provides open access to all published materials. The article publication fee is 60,000 tenge. In exceptional cases, authors may be fully or partially exempt from the fee if alternative funding sources are available.
әл-Фараби атындағы Қазақ Ұлттық университеті
INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE MONITORING AND PROTECTION OF PLANTS: FROM MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Pests and pathogens cause losses estimated at 20–40% of global crop production, and the threat is intensifying under climate change and the globalisation of trade. Meanwhile, traditional methods of plant health monitoring, such as visual symptom inspection and pathogen culturing, are time-consuming, dependent on specialised expertise, and often unable to detect harmful organisms before significant damage occurs. The aim of this review is to provide an integrated account of the innovative technologies transforming the monitoring and protection of plants across three converging domains. The methodology is a structured narrative review of the international literature, organising the technologies into molecular diagnostics, digital monitoring, and artificial intelligence, and analysing their principles, applications, advantages, and limitations. The molecular technologies (PCR and its real-time and isothermal variants, and next-generation sequencing) identify harmful organisms from their nucleic acids with high sensitivity and specificity, increasingly at the point of need; the digital technologies (satellite remote sensing, unmanned aerial vehicles, and the agricultural Internet of Things) observe crops across scales from the region to the individual plant; and artificial intelligence (computer vision, machine learning, and predictive modelling) interprets the resulting data, diagnosing disease, identifying pests, and forecasting phytosanitary risks. The principal finding is that these technologies are complementary rather than competing approaches. Their integration into decision-support systems and digital platforms, together with emerging technologies such as CRISPR-based diagnostics and big data analytics, enables a more proactive, precise, and sustainable approach to plant protection that surpasses conventional methods. The value of the review lies in uniting domains usually treated in isolation, and its practical significance is its contribution to the early detection of threats and the reduction of crop losses essential to food security.
BIOCHAR AS A TOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
Current review examines the application of biochar as both a soil amendment and a carrier for microbial cells aimed at addressing challenges in environmental biotechnology. Furthermore, the review describes methods for producing biochar with tailored physicochemical properties, mechanisms of its interaction with organic (pesticides) and inorganic (heavy metals) contaminants, and the potential environmental risks associated with its application. Particular attention is given to the mechanisms of microbial cell immobilization on the biochar surface, their interactions with the carbon matrix, and the potential of such biochar–microbe complexes for soil remediation. The review consolidates and advances current knowledge on the use of biochar-immobilized microorganisms for restoring soil structural characteristics and enhancing its fertility. Improving the efficiency of phytoremediation is a strategically important research objective. To improve plant biomass yield, increase the effectiveness of remediation technologies, and accelerate plant adaptability, biochar is considered a promising tool for enhancing both bio- and phytoremediation processes. Biochar is produced through the thermal decomposition of plant or animal residues under anaerobic or low-oxygen conditions. Its positive impact on soil properties and plant growth is attributed to the presence of minerals (K, Ca, P, Na, Mg, etc.), which help neutralize soil acidity, reduce abiotic stress, and stimulate plant development. Furthermore, biochar exhibits strong sorption capacity for toxic elements, thereby reducing their mobility, bioavailability, and phyto- and ecotoxicity. In practical applications, biochar is presented as an innovative approach for mitigating soil contamination. The aim of the current study is to broaden the understanding of up-to-date methods for microbial immobilization on biochar to improve soil properties, enhance fertility, and effectively stabilize both organic and inorganic contaminants in the environmental matrices.
ASSESSMENT OF THE BIOACCESSIBILITY OF ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES USING A CHICKEN GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT MODEL
In 2023, a large-scale inventory under the FAO GCP/SEC/011/GFF project identified approximately 1.3 thousand tons of obsolete persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in Kazakhstan. Studies conducted from 2013 to 2024 at former pesticide warehouses in the Almaty region revealed concentrations significantly exceeding maximum allowable concentrations (MAC) by more than 10 times. Due to their lipophilicity and persistence, these compounds pose a severe risk of transfer into livestock and poultry, which may ingest up to 30 g of soil daily. The analyzed soil featured a pH of 8.0, 27.9% ash content, and 3.4% organic matter, with organochlorine pesticide (OCP) concentrations ranging from 4.5 to 5.0 µg/g. Bioaccessibility of OCPs under simulated gastrointestinal conditions increased significantly from gastric to intestinal phases and was markedly enhanced by the inclusion of Tenax as a sorption sink, rising from 0.01–17.10% to 24.00–52.70%. Overall, mean bioaccessibility ranged from 25% to 67%, with the highest values observed for 4,4-DDT and β-HCH. These findings highlight the critical role of sorption sinks in improving the physiological relevance of in vitro models by better simulating absorption processes, thereby providing more accurate estimations of bioavailable contaminant fractions for food safety and public health.
ASSESSMENT OF THE CARBON BALANCE BASED ON THE DETERMINATION OF THE PRODUCTIVITY OF PLANT COMMUNITIES OF STEPPE ECOSYSTEMS OF THE AKMOLA REGION
The steppe ecosystems of the Akmola Region are a critically important component of the regional carbon cycle, serving as a significant reservoir of organic carbon. However, their carbon sequestration capacity is subject to significant fluctuations depending on vegetation type and climatic conditions. The aim of this study was to conduct a comprehensive quantitative assessment of the main components of the carbon balance based on an analysis of biological productivity - net primary production (NPP) and heterotrophic respiration (Rh). Fieldwork was conducted during the 2025 growing season at 25 permanent monitoring sites in five administrative districts (Egindykol, Akkol, Erementau, Esil, and Atbasar). The methodology was based on A.A. Titlyanova’s “minimum estimates” method, which involves monthly accounting of aboveground and belowground biomass fractions. It was established that productivity processes are characterized by high spatial heterogeneity: maximum productivity was recorded in the mesophytic communities of the Esil District. Under arid conditions (Atbasar District), an adaptive strategy was identified in which the majority of carbon is stored in the roots. The results confirm that during the wet spring of 2025, all studied ecosystems acted as carbon sinks, sequestering between 1.65 and 6.42 t CO₂-eq/ha/year. The study highlights the need to account for root production in climate modeling.
POTENTIAL FOR PLASTIC DEGRADATION BY THERMOPHILIC BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM GEOTHERMAL SOURCES OF ZHARKENT
Plastic pollution has become a critical worldwide environmental problem because of the exceptional stability and high resistance of synthetic polymers to natural degradation processes. Plastic waste containing polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a major contributor to this problem, as PET is one of the most commonly used plastics, and its improper disposal results in its accumulation in nature. The use of thermophilic microorganisms for biotic degradation is one of the environmentally friendly methods that are expected to replace traditional disposal methods. This work aimed at checking the ability of thermophilic bacteria purified from the geothermal springs of the Zharkent region (Kazakhstan) to degrade PET. Water,​‍​‌‍​‍‌ sediment, and soil samples collected from areas where the temperature was between 42 and 103 °C were incubated in mineral salt medium with PET as the only carbon source. We obtained sixteen thermophilic bacterial strains and examined their potential of plastic degradation. After testing the degradation of PET film discs, we found that only four out of those thermophilic strains (W-DP-01, W-DP-03, W-DP-06, SED-02) caused a significant reduction in the polymer weight, i.e., 13.9-16.0 mg, after 28 days of incubation at 65 °C. The Bacillus genus was recognized as the source of the isolates with the outstanding degrading capability of the polymer based on their biochemical and morphological ​‍​‌‍​‍‌characteristics.
EFFECTS OF THE ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGUS BEAUVERIA BASSIANA ON HALYOMORPHA HALYS
Halyomorpha halys (brown marmorated stink bug) is an invasive polyphagous pest that causes significant economic damage to fruit, vegetable, and horticultural crops. The species' high reproductive capacity, broad range of host plants and adaptation to diverse climatic conditions have led to its rapid spread across many countries. The entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana is a promising biological pest control agent due to its high pathogenicity and environmental safety. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a native isolate of B. bassiana against various stages of H. halys. Under laboratory conditions, eggs, nymphs, and adults were treated with conidial suspensions at concentrations of 1×10⁵–1×10⁸ conidia/ml. Mortality rates, infection dynamics, LT₅₀ and LT₉₀ values, and the sublethal effects of the fungus were studied. Results showed that mortality also increased with increasing conidia concentrations. The greatest effect was observed at a concentration of 1×10⁸ conidia/ml: nymph mortality reached 98%, adult mortality 95%, and egg mortality 74%. Furthermore, at the highest concentration, the LT₅₀ index was 3.7 days, indicating the high virulence of the local isolate. The fungus also reduced feeding activity, decreased movement intensity, and impaired reproductive performance. These results demonstrate that the local isolate of Beauveria bassiana exhibits high entomopathogenic activity against Halyomorpha halys and holds promise for use in integrated biological pest management programs.
MAPPING OF WEED DISTRIBUTION IN SOUTHERN KAZAKHSTAN
This study presents the results of mapping the distribution of economically important and quarantine weed species in southern Kazakhstan. Field surveys were conducted in the Almaty, Zhetysu, Zhambyl, and Turkestan regions, covering agricultural lands, roadside habitats, fallow fields, and irrigated areas. Georeferenced sampling was carried out to determine the current distribution range and infestation level of major weed species. A total of 1,078 specimens of Rhaponticum repens (Russian knapweed), 1,153 specimens of Ambrosia artemisiifolia (common ragweed), and 1,027 specimens of Cuscuta campestris (field dodder) were collected and analyzed. Weed distribution mapping was performed using QGIS 3.28, while geographic coordinates were processed with the Lat Lon Tools plugin. The resulting thematic maps enabled visualization of infestation hotspots and distribution patterns across the study area. The results showed that transportation corridors, irrigated agroecosystems, and intensively managed agricultural landscapes represent major pathways for weed dispersal. R. repens was primarily associated with arid and foothill environments, C. campestris was mainly distributed in irrigated croplands and roadside habitats, whereas A. artemisiifolia exhibited a fragmented but expanding distribution near urbanized and highly disturbed areas. The study demonstrates the value of GIS-based mapping as an effective tool for monitoring quarantine weeds, assessing phytosanitary risks, and supporting weed management strategies in southern Kazakhstan.
INDUCTION OF SUPEROVULATION IN BEIGE-COLORED KARAKUL SHEEP FOR EMBRYO TRANSPLANTATION
This study provides a reasoned justification for the conservation of genetic resources of beige-colored Karakul sheep and develops a method for accelerated reproduction and effective preservation of high-value Karakul genotypes, particularly those with rare beige coat colors, through repeated embryo recovery from donor ewes. The method involves detecting estrus, administering pregnant mare serum (PMS) gonadotropin at a dose of 26 IU/kg body weight on days 13-14 of the estrous cycle, mating ewes with rams of the corresponding coat color upon estrus onset, and subsequent embryo collection. To increase the number of recovered embryos, donor ewes are additionally treated with PMS gonadotropin at the same dose on days 14-16 of the estrous cycle, following a surgical procedure and an 18-22 day interval. Subsequent technological procedures include estrus detection, mating, and embryo flushing. Application of this method allows the recovery of, on average, 3.1 additional embryos per high-quality donor from ewes with rare coat colors compared to conventional methods. This indicates the feasibility of using the same donors twice within a single breeding season as embryo producers. Repeated embryo recovery from the same donors in practical breeding programs represents an additional resource for addressing both theoretical and applied challenges in the conservation and propagation of beige-colored Karakul sheep.
IDENTIFICATION OF BARLEY PHYTOPATHOLOGIES BASED ON SPECTRAL SIGNATURES OBTAINED VIA HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGING
This article investigates the hyperspectral characteristics of barley. A major challenge in agriculture is the inability to perform early disease diagnosis. Hyperspectral imaging enables the identification of diseases at an early stage, preventing their further spread. Spectral analysis of barley diseases (loose smut, leaf spot, root rot) shows that infected and dried tissues have low reflectance, early-stage infections exhibit medium reflectance, and healthy tissues display high spectral intensity. In hyperspectral images, diseased plant areas appear blue, areas with living but already infected tissue appear yellow, and healthy plant areas are shown in orange, red, and burgundy. Spectra from healthy areas possess high intensity compared to those from diseased zones. This is attributed to the presence of chlorophyll, the green pigment in healthy tissue that actively reflects light. The destruction of the epidermis, loss of moisture, tissue necrosis, and darkening lead to a decrease in reflected light intensity.
ASSESSMENT OF GENETIC DIVERSITY OF AULIEKOL CATTLE BREED USING SNP-MARKERS
This study investigated the genetic structure of an Auliekol cattle population comprising 308 individuals sampled from the “Timofeev-Agro” farm located in the Auliekol district of the Kostanay region, Kazakhstan, using BovineSNP50 data. After quality control, 22,865 autosomal SNPs were retained for analysis, and the average genotype call rate reached 0.99947. Population structure was assessed using principal component analysis (PCA), ADMIXTURE, and identity-by-descent (IBD)-based genetic similarity analyses. PCA revealed a compact clustering of most samples, indicating the absence of pronounced population stratification, while a limited number of samples showed moderate deviations from the central cluster, reflecting within-population genetic variation. IBD analysis further confirmed the genetic integrity of the population, revealing a dense and continuous genetic similarity network without clear separation into discrete groups. ADMIXTURE analysis performed for K values ranging from 2 to 5 demonstrated the predominance of a single major ancestry component across the population. The presence of additional ancestry components at varying proportions in some individuals did not support the existence of distinct subpopulations. Overall, the concordant results of PCA, ADMIXTURE, and IBD analyses indicate that the Auliekol cattle population is genetically homogeneous, lacks pronounced subpopulation structure, and exhibits a natural level of within-population genetic diversity. These findings suggest that this population represents a stable and reliable genetic resource for further genomic studies and breeding programs.
FEATURES OF THE STRUCTURE AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE ROACH POPULATION RUTILUS CASPICUS (YAKOVLEV 1870) IN THE KAPSHAGAY RESERVOIR
The article presents the structural features of the roach population in the Kapchagay Reservoir (age composition, size weight indicators, sex composition) based on ichthyological studies in 2024. The length of these captured individuals ranged from 89 to 323 mm and averaged 193 mm. Weight varied from 11 to 622 g with an average of 163 g. The roach was, in fact, two to eight years of age, but most were four to six years old. Size structure analysis showed the modal length size classes of 150–209 mm and 200–249 mm to be most common and weight size classes of 120–179 g and 180–239 g to be most common. The high frequency of roach catches in the scientific nets (30 mm mesh) supports these findings. In recent years, we have been observing positive trends concerning the structural characteristics of the roach population in the reservoir. Catches were studied and showed an increase in the roach from spring to autumn. The interpolation method was used to analyze its seasonal spatial distribution, which is the population. In spring, roach was overwhelmingly located in the right bank water area of the reservoir; in summer and autumn, nearly all were in the river mouth region of the left bank. In these regions, this distribution pattern is probably influenced by food resource availability and different abiotic factors.
ASSESSMENT OF THE CURRENT STATUS OF THE CENOPOPULATIONS OF CALLIGONUM ALATUM LITW. IN THE FLOODPLAIN OF THE BAKANAS CANAL
The article reports that the first population of Calligonum alatum Litw.was identified in Almaty Region, Balkhash District, at a distance of 25 km from Bakanas village, within an area located 500–700 m from the Ili River. The site is situated in a gently undulating and hummocky terrain with sandy–gravelly soils. GPS coordinates of the study area were recorded as N 44°41′12.0″, E 76°24′55.2″ Geobotanical investigations were conducted using standard field methods to assess population structure, species composition, and ecological conditions. Two cenopopulations were analyzed, where transects of 10 × 10 m² were established to study age structure, density, reproductive capacity, and spatial distribution. Within these plots, species composition, frequency of occurrence, and individual abundance were recorded, allowing for the calculation of population density and the development of an evaluation scale. Additionally, the vertical structure of vegetation cover and the percentage of projective cover were determined.
SEED MASS AND HYDRATION CHARACTERISTICS OF MEDIASIA MACROPHYLLA (REGEL ET SCHMALH.) PIMENOV
Seed biology plays a crucial role in understanding plant reproduction, adaptation, and persistence in natural ecosystems. Studies of rare and endemic species are particularly important because information on their reproductive characteristics remains limited. The present study provides the first assessment of seed mass and hydration properties of the rare endemic species Mediasia macrophylla (Apiaceae). The aim of the study was to analyze seed mass, investigate imbibition dynamics, and visually assess changes in seed appearance during hydration. The research was focused on obtaining quantitative data on seed mass and water uptake characteristics as important components of the species’ reproductive biology. The methodology included macromorphological analysis using light microscopy, gravimetric determination of seed mass using batches of 100 seeds, and a gravimetric water uptake test with mass measurements recorded after 1, 3, 6, and 24 hours of soaking.
ASSESSMENT OF THE ECOLOGICAL STATE OF THE POPULATION OF THE SPECIES SCHMALHAUSENIA NIDULANS (REGEL) PETR. OF THE FLORA OF THE NORTHERN TIEN SHAN
This article presents the results of a comprehensive assessment of the ecological status of populations of the rare endemic species Schmalhausenia nidulans native to the high-mountain regions of the Northern Tien Shan. The aim of the study was to investigate the current state of the species populations by analyzing their numbers, ontogenetic structure, morphometric parameters, and anatomical features. Two natural populations of the species were examined: the first population, located on the Uzynkara Ridge at an altitude of 3003 m above sea level, and the second population, growing on the Ile-Alatau Ridge at an altitude of 3260 m above sea level. During the field research, the population size, age structure, and morphological traits of individuals at the juvenile, immature, virginal, and generative stages of development were studied, and an anatomical analysis of the stem structure was also conducted.
PECULIARITIES OF FLORISTIC COMPOSITION OF THE FIRST POPULATION OF THE ENDEMIC SPECIES ROSA DSHARKENTI CHRSHAN. IN THE LOWER REACHES OF THE USEK RIVER
The study is devoted to the floristic and geobotanical analysis of plant communities involving the rare endemic species Rosa dsharkenti Chrshan., localized in the valley of the Usek River, in the area of the low mountain massif “Kyzyl Espe”, located in the southern part of the Dzungarian Alatau. The relevance of the work is determined by the restricted distribution range of this species, the insufficient study of its habitats, and the need to clarify the floristic features of the plant communities in which it occurs. During the study, the species composition of plants growing together with Rosa dsharkenti Chrshan. was examined, and their life forms, ecological types, economically useful groups, and geographical elements of the flora were determined. Based on the floristic analysis, a complete list of plant species occurring together with this species is presented, which makes it possible to characterize the structure and features of the vegetation ...
ОЦЕНКА ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ИММУНОСТИМУЛИРУЮЩЕГО ПРОДУКТА НА ОСНОВЕ НИЗКОМОЛЕКУЛЯРНЫХ ПЕПТИДОВ ИЗ КОБЫЛЬЕГО И ВЕРБЛЮЖЬЕГО МОЛОКА
The study aimed to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of a specialized immunostimulating product based on low-molecular-weight peptides isolated from mare’s and camel’s milk. The product was additionally enriched with biologically active compounds possessing antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties. The clinical study involved 20 volunteers aged 30-45 years divided into control and experimental groups. Participants consumed 90 g/day of the product for 20 days under conditions of daily physical activity. Humoral and cellular immunity parameters (IgG, IgA, IgM, T- and B-lymphocytes), lipid peroxidation markers (MDA, diene conjugates), and antioxidant defense indicators (catalase, superoxide dismutase, total antioxidant activity, vitamins A, E, and C) were assessed. The results demonstrated that physical exercise in the control group led to decreased immunoglobulin levels and signs of secondary immunodeficiency, along with increased oxidative stress markers. In contrast, administration of the specialized product resulted in a significant increase in IgG, IgA, and IgM levels, enhancement of T- and B-lymphocyte counts, reduction of lipid peroxidation products, and activation of antioxidant defense enzymes. The product stabilized humoral and cellular immunity and improved antioxidant status during physical stress. The findings confirm the pronounced immunostimulatory and antioxidant effects of low-molecular-weight peptides from mare’s and camel’s milk and support their use in the development of functional and preventive nutrition products.
CURRENT STATE OF RESEARCH ON COMMON BEAN ANTHRACNOSE (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS L.): ETIOLOGY, GENETICS OF RESISTANCE, AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is one of the most important grain legume crops worldwide and a key source of plant protein. However, the stability of its production is significantly constrained by anthracnose, one of the most destructive and economically important diseases of common bean, widely distributed in regions with temperate and humid climates. The causal agent of the disease is the phytopathogenic fungus Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, which is characterized by high genetic and pathogenic variability as well as pronounced race differentiation. These features substantially complicate the breeding of resistant cultivars and effective disease control. This review summarizes recent studies on the etiology of common bean anthracnose, the biology and life cycle of the pathogen, race diversity, and the genetic mechanisms underlying anthracnose resistance in Phaseolus vulgaris. The role of infected seeds as the primary source of infection and a major factor in transboundary disease spread is analyzed. Current approaches to the classification of C. lindemuthianum races are discussed, and the importance of continuous monitoring of the pathogen population structure is highlighted. Special attention is given to the genetics of anthracnose resistance in common bean, including race-specific Co genes and quantitative trait loci (QTL) identified using genome-wide association study approaches. Prospects for gene pyramiding based on GWAS data and the application of genomic selection to achieve durable resistance are discussed. The situation in the United States, particularly in the state of Michigan, is used as an example to demonstrate the practical importance of monitoring the race composition of the pathogen. The review concludes that integrated anthracnose management strategies combining genetic resistance, agronomic practices, and phytosanitary control are essential for sustainable common bean production.
EFFECT OF SOWING DATES ON POLYPHENOL CONTENT AND POLYPHENOL OXIDASE ACTIVITY IN LEAVES AND SEEDS OF SOYBEAN ACCESSIONS WITH DIFFERENT MATURITY GROUPS
Polyphenols constitute an important component of the plant antioxidant defense system and are valuable substances for human health. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of sowing dates on polyphenol accumulation in the leaves and seeds of soybean cultivars differing in maturity group, as well as the association of these parameters with polyphenol oxidase activity at the pod formation stage. Analysis of polyphenol content at early and late stages of soybean reproductive development allows differentiation of cultivars, breeding lines and germplasm collections based on technological traits and nutritional value. Polyphenol content was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Polyphenol oxidase activity was determined by a photometric method, using pyrocatechol as a substrate. In terms of developmental timing, the genotypes ranged from early-maturing to extremely late-maturing forms under standard sowing dates and from ultra-early to late-maturing forms under delayed sowing. Determination of polyphenol content in soybean leaves at the R5 stage revealed a tendency toward a decrease in their concentration with increasing length of the growing season under both standard and delayed sowing dates. At the stage of full maturity under both sowing dates polyphenol levels increased in relation to maturity group. Early-maturing forms were characterized by lower polyphenol oxidase activity compared with late-maturing forms. The correlation between polyphenol content and leaf polyphenol oxidase activity was negative. The conducted studies made it possible to differentiate 170 soybean genotypes according to polyphenol accumulation at different stages of reproductive development, depending on maturity group and sowing dates.
THE IMPACT OF GENERAL HEALTH ON COGNITIVE FUNCTION
The study examined the effect of cognitive load on the bioelectric activity of the brain and the functional connections between cortical regions in healthy students and students with iron deficiency anemia using electroencephalography (EEG). The study involved healthy students and students with iron deficiency anemia, who were divided into two groups. The EEG was recorded in a standardized functional mode before and after completing the cognitive task, spectral analysis of alpha (8-13 Hz) and theta (4-7 Hz) rhythms was performed, as well as cross-correlation analysis, which is a type of correlation analysis. The participants completed a five-minute oral score task to assess their cognitive load. The results showed that spectral parameters were maintained in both groups until the cognitive task was completed, and during sensory stimulation, a decrease in the total power of the alpha rhythm and theta index was detected in the group with iron deficiency anemia. After completing the cognitive task, the healthy group demonstrated effective recovery of the alpha rhythm, restriction of the theta rhythm, and preservation of harmonious functional connections between areas of the cerebral cortex. In the group with iron deficiency anemia, insufficient recovery of alpha synchronization and an excessive increase in theta rhythm were detected. Correlation analysis revealed that the frontal regions have a weaker connection with the central and temporal regions. This describes a disruption in the integration of neural networks responsible for cognitive and executive functions, and suggests that it is associated with hypoxic and neurometabolic limitations. Spectral and cross-correlation indicators of alpha and theta rhythms are recommended for use as neurophysiological markers in assessing the functional state of the brain for cognitive load.
PRODUCTION OF BOVINE RECOMBINANT INTERFERON ALPHA IN THE ESCHERICHIA COLI SYSTEM AND ITS REFOLDING
Interferons are signaling proteins secreted by the cells of birds and mammals in response to viral infection, which activates nonspecific antiviral immune response. In recent years, interferon preparations have shown effective in the prevention and treatment of viral infections in humans and animals. However, such preparations are not produced in Kazakhstan and are supplied from other countries. Therefore, developing a local technology for producing recombinant interferons for farm animals is an important task for strengthening Kazakhstan's veterinary security. In this study, the α-interferon gene of a cattle (Bos taurus) was cloned and a recombinant protein producer based on the bacterium Escherichia coli was developed. In addition, optimal cultivation conditions to produce recombinant protein were selected. However, it was determined that the protein produced accumulated in inclusion bodies and was not able to be isolated under native conditions. Accordingly, the synthesized recombinant protein was isolated after dissolution in a buffer containing 6 M guanidine chloride and then purified and refolded using metal affinity chromatography with Ni-NTA agarose. Finally, the yield of the target protein after refolding was 3.3 mg per liter of bacterial culture. Thus, a laboratory method for producing bovine recombinant α-interferon was developed. In the future, it is planned to conduct tests of the antiviral activity of the recombinant protein and scale up the technology for industrial production of the domestic drug.
PRENATAL GENETIC TESTING FOR MULTIPLE MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION SYNDROME CAUSED BY IBA57 GENE MUTATION KAZAKHSTANI FAMILY: A CASE REPORT
Mitochondria, commonly known as the cell’s power generator, carry out their primary function through oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), a process that produces ATP, the main energy source of the cell and the only cell organelles with their own mitochondrial DNA. Any genetic alterations in DNA sequences that encode mitochondrial structural or functional proteins may cause mitochondrial disorders. Multiple mitochondrial dysfunction syndrome type 3 (MMDS3) is a rare autosomal recessive mitochondrial disorder caused by homozygous or biallelic pathogenic variants in the IBA57 gene. In the current study, we present a case report on prenatal genetic testing for multiple mitochondrial dysfunction syndrome (MMDS) type 3 caused by the IBA57 gene to highlight the importance of prenatal diagnostics for disease prognosis and treatment, appropriate genetic counselling, and informed reproductive decision-making. We recruited a 27-year-old G2P1001 at 22 weeks’ gestation with MMDS3 in family history, confirmed by whole exome sequencing (WES) and also verified by Sanger sequencing in the IBA57 gene c.286T>C (NM_001010867.4, p.Tyr96His) and c.667C>G (NM_001010867.4, p.Arg223Gly) in the proband and parents. The ccfDNA genetic test revealed the absence of the heterozygous IBA57 gene variant at position c.286T>C (NM_001010867.4, p.Tyr96His), but the heterozygous IBA57 gene variant at position c.667C>G (NM_001010867.4, p.Arg223Gly) was detected. The child is a heterozygous carrier of the genetic variant of the IBA57 gene at position c.667C>G (NM_001010867.4, p.Arg223Gly). No specific treatment is required; observation by a pediatrician and medical and genetic counseling of the couple when planning the next pregnancy are recommended. The IBA57 gene-related MMDS3 can have a wide range of outcomes and consequences and may progress rapidly. Early awareness is crucial to prompt and proper administration. Our study reveals the importance of early prenatal genetic testing for IBA57-related MMDS3 for early diagnostics and consent decision-making.
PHENOTYPIC, CYTOGENETIC AND MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF INTERSPECIFIC RAPESEED HYBRIDS
Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is a key oilseed crop, the value of which is determined by both yield and oil quality. In this study, doubled haploid (DH) interspecific hybrid lines of rapeseed × turnip (B. napus × B. rapa) was evaluated using an integrated approach including phenotypic analysis, cytogenetics, and molecular markers. Phenotypic evaluation revealed significant diversity in key quantitative traits, such as seed weight per plant, pod number, and thousand-seed weight, with heterosis evident in some lines. Early flowering of the hybrids compared to the parental forms indicates the influence of genomic interactions on plant development. Cytogenetic analysis using FISH and GISH confirmed the presence of chromosomes from both parents, revealing segments of introgression and signs of genomic stability after chromosome doubling. Molecular studies using SSR markers revealed high polymorphism and the presence of alleles introgressed from B. rapa, consistent with cytogenetic data. Analysis of the seed fatty acid composition revealed increased oleic acid content and low erucic acid levels, which meets modern oil quality requirements. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of combining interspecific hybridization and DH technology for identifying favorable allelic combinations that enhance the breeding value of lines. These lines may serve as promising material for improving the yield and quality of rapeseed oil.
APPLICATION OF ANTAGONISTIC MICROORGANISMS FOR THE PROTECTION OF BARLEY AGAINST PHYTOPATHOGENS
In order to enhance plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, an association of agronomically valuable microorganisms based on rhizospheric and endophytic bacteria was developed. The use of microbial associations is considered a more effective approach compared with monocultures, since microbial consortia possess a broader spectrum of biological activity and are capable of synergistic interactions within agroecosystems. For the formation of the association, the strains Pseudomonas flavescens D5, Serratia proteamaculans B5, and Pseudomonas fluorescens D7 were selected, characterized by plant growth-promoting and biocontrol properties. A comprehensive evaluation of the agronomically valuable properties of the association was carried out, including biosafety/biocompatibility, halotolerance, synthesis of indole-3-acetic acid, phosphate-mobilizing activity, and antifungal activity. It was found that the LYA23 association demonstrated increased IAA production compared with individual strains, reaching 63.4 μg/mL, pronounced phosphate-mobilizing activity (293 μg/mL), and maintained growth at NaCl concentrations up to 5%. The association exhibited high antagonistic activity against Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium oxysporum, forming growth inhibition zones up to 3.5 ± 0.1 cm. The polymer matrix composed of the biopolymers pullulan, pectin, and polyhydroxyalkanoate in a ratio of 2:1:0.1 was recognized as optimal for cell immobilization. The addition of potassium humate further enhanced the plant growth-promoting effect of the preparation. In vegetation experiments, treatment of barley seeds of the Arna cultivar increased germination up to 98.6% and significantly increased root and shoot biomass compared with the control.
GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY OF ENDURANCE GENES IN PROFESSIONAL WRESTLERS
The study aimed to identify genetic factors associated with endurance in professional wrestlers from the Republic of Kazakhstan using a genome-wide association study (GWAS). The dataset included 58 elite combat-sport athletes and 60 non-athletic controls. Genotyping was conducted on the iScan platform (Illumina) with the Infinium Global Screening Array-24. Quality control procedures in PLINK v1.9 and subsequent analyses in R (qqman) retained 296,772 SNPs after filtering for call rate, Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, minor allele frequency, and exclusion of sex-chromosomal and mitochondrial variants. Principal component analysis showed no substantial population stratification, and the genomic inflation factor (λ = 1.02) indicated minimal confounding. At the suggestive significance level (p < 1×10⁻⁵), several loci showed differences between athletes and controls, including rs12916133, rs7765401, GSA-rs1682809, and rs4777639. These variants are located near PPEF2, SV2B, CDC37L1, and the non-coding region LOC105370982, which are genes and regulatory elements involved in calcium-dependent signaling, synaptic regulation, proteostasis, and muscular adaptation. Although none reached genome-wide significance (p < 5×10⁻⁸), the detected trends point to a contribution of regulatory and neurometabolic pathways to endurance-related traits in wrestlers. The study is limited by the moderate sample size and the need for replication in independent Kazakhstani and international cohorts. Nevertheless, the findings form a basis for personalized training strategies and future integrative multi-omics research in sports genomics.
MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF FRUITS AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF DIFFERENT FORMS OF ROSA ALBERTI UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF THE MAIN BOTANICAL GARDEN
The article presents the results of a study on the morphological characteristics and antioxidant activity of various forms of Albert’s rosehip (Rosa alberti Regel.) introduced and cultivated at the Main Botanical Garden of Kazakhstan. The relevance of the research is determined by growing interest in introducing promising ornamental and medicinally valuable plant species capable of adapting to the continental climate, as well as by the need to expand sources of biologically active compounds. Rosa alberti is notable for its high ornamental value, ecological plasticity, and potential pharmacological significance. The aim of the study was to identify diagnostically significant morphological traits of different Rosa alberti forms and assess the antioxidant potential of the fruits as an indicator of plant adaptation to local microecological conditions.
ASSESSMENT OF THE СURRENT STATE AND SUSTAINABILITY PROSPECTS OF POPULUS × CANESCENS (AITON) SM. POPULATIONS IN THE MIDDLE REACHES OF THE URAL RIVER WEST KAZAKHSTAN REGION
This study presents the results of a comprehensive botanical and biogeographical investigation of Populus × canescens (Aiton) Sm. populations within the middle reaches of the Ural River in the West Kazakhstan region. The assessment integrates field surveys, herbarium data, and floristic analyses to evaluate the current condition, structural organization, and ecological resilience of grey poplar communities. A total of eight distinct populations were identified, primarily associated with floodplain and near - terrace habitats of the Ural River valley. Floristic analysis documented 103 vascular plant species from 37 families and 83 genera. The biomorphological structure of the flora is dominated by perennial herbaceous polycarpic species 64%, along with a substantial representation of woody and shrubby taxa 22.3%. Phytocenotic evaluation revealed six major ecological - coenotic groups - forest, meadow, steppe, forest - steppe, meadow-marsh, and riparian - aquatic - with forest 31% and meadow 25.2% elements prevailing.
ASSESSMENT OF THE PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITION OF YOUNG-OF-THE-YEAR CYPRINID FISH INFECTED WITH MYXOSPOREANS
The physiological condition of young-of-the-year mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio) reared under pond aquaculture conditions and infected with myxosporeans was investigated. The study aimed to assess the effects of myxosporean infection on the physiological and hematological parameters of cyprinid fishe. Infected individuals exhibited pronounced clinical signs of the disease, frequently accompanied by mortality. Hematological analysis revealed high levels of monocytes, neutrophils (32.68%), and white blood cells (257.6× 10⁹/L) compared to the norm. Elevated differential leukocyte counts indicate an increased defense reaction of the organism under conditions of parasitic invasion. Histological examination of gills, heart, intestine, hepatopancreas and musculature revealed the presence of intracellular, interstitial, and diffuse localization of parasitic mucous spores (Myxozoa: Myxosporea: Myxobolidea). Necrosis, desquamation, hyperplasia and a dramatic increase of mast cells in the gills of the studied fish are due to both small intracellular plasmodia and spores located inside tissue cysts. The increase in the number of mast cells in the gills of fish in localization of mucous parasites is associated with the need to maintain homeostasis of the immune system. The pathological effect of myxosporean plasmodia on organs of the digestive tract were established, causing necrosis, disruption of cell absorption and transport processes, as well as reduction of the height of prismatic epithelial cells with degeneration of microvilli on their apical surface. Intracellular parasitism of uninucleate and binucleate mucous myxosporeans were also observed in the cells of the hepatopancreas and heart. Necrotic foci located on the skin of the fish were a manifestation of the inflammatory process and hemorrhages in the muscles due to parasitic invasion.
ON POSSIBILITIES OF VITAL MULTIPHOTON IMAGING OF IMMUNE REACTIONS IN THE STUDY OF INFLAMMATION PROCESSES
Inflammation is a universal, genetically programmed complex of reactions to damage of different nature aimed at elimination or limitation of the damage centre and pathogenic agents that caused it. Inflammatory reaction is one of the key mechanisms of innate immunity, the biological meaning of which is not only protection of the organism from pathogens, but also maintenance and restoration of damaged tissues. A thorough understanding of the mechanisms of inflammation is extremely important, as more than 70% of known human diseases are associated with the inflammatory process, including autoimmune, neurodegenerative, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and cancer. Modern science and medicine have a large arsenal of methods and tools that allow for a multifaceted assessment of the state of the organism in inflammatory processes. Every year the use of non-invasive methods of research of different processes in the organism in real time becomes more accessible and acceptable for understanding cellular processes in dynamics. Vital microscopy is one of the modern tools applicable to the observation of immune cell dynamics. This literature review is devoted to the role of multiphoton microscopy in the study of mechanisms involved in the formation of immune response. Multiphoton microscopy makes it possible to study living tissues, as it has a high penetration depth and minimal phototoxicity. The use of this method allows to observe the course of cellular processes, such as cell migration, cell interaction, as well as to conduct studies of biological systems and cells in neurobiology, cardiology and other spheres.
STUDY OF THE ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF CAPTOPRIL PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS PRODUCED IN KAZAKHSTAN
According to the requirements of the State Pharmacopoeia of the Republic of Kazakhstan for the control of medicinal products, one of the essential components in ensuring the safety, efficacy, and high quality of pharmaceutical products manufactured in the country is the assessment of their antimicrobial activity. Compliance with microbiological purity standards enables a comprehensive evaluation of drug quality, strengthens the alignment of domestic pharmaceutical production with international standards, and contributes to maintaining competitiveness in the pharmaceutical market. This study experimentally investigated the antimicrobial activity of the pharmaceutical substance and finished dosage form of Captopril produced in Kazakhstan against pharmacopoeial test microorganisms, including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Aspergillus brasiliensis. It is known that certain medicinal products may possess intrinsic inhibitory activity, which can distort microbiological test results and lead to false-negative outcomes. Therefore, preliminary assessment of a drug’s impact on microbial growth is a critical step for accurate microbiological evaluation. Three batches of Captopril substance and three batches of the tablet dosage form were examined. The results demonstrated that dilutions of 1:10 and 1:20 exhibited a pronounced inhibitory effect against E. coli, S. aureus and B. subtilis. No activity was observed against Candida albicans, Aspergillus brasiliensis or P. aeruginosa, while the 1:50 dilution completely lacked antimicrobial activity. The findings confirm the importance of employing methodologies fully compliant with pharmacopoeial requirements when assessing the quality of Captopril substance and its finished dosage form. Moreover, the results justify the necessity of including information on the drug’s intrinsic antimicrobial properties in the manufacturer’s specification. This study holds practical significance for ensuring the quality and safety of domestically produced pharmaceutical products.
DYNAMICS OF METABOLISM INDICATORS IN CATTLE AFTER VACCINATION AGAINST FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE
The article discusses biochemical changes occurring in cattle after vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease. Particular attention was paid to the dynamics of metabolic indicators, including protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Monitoring studies of the biochemical status of vaccinated cows have production and practical significance for the timely detection of metabolic disorders, their correction and maintenance of productive health. As is known, homeostatic regulation of metabolism changes significantly throughout the entire period of pregnancy and depends on the influence of the endocrine system, which regulates the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids, ensuring the distribution of nutrients. According to the results of examination of control and experimental animals, although no changes were observed in the control group, in the experimental group the indicators in the blood of some biochemical indicators included in the composition of metabolic products changed. The reason for this is a temporary increase in biochemical indicators in the blood serum of animals after vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease, which is associated with the active functioning of immune cells in the body and the formation of an immune response. Thus, it was found that changes in the biochemical indicators of cattle after vaccination were short-term and did not have a significant effect on the body. Our studies emphasize the importance of an integrated approach to assessing the impact of vaccination on animal metabolism and the need for further research in this area.